Els Umbraculida són un petit grup de mol·luscs gasteròpodes heterobranquis marins caracteritzats per una conquilla externa petita i en forma de cúpula, que cobreix parcialment el dors de l’animal. Són llimacs marins de mida petita o mitjana, amb un cos tou i una morfologia particular que els diferencia d’altres heterobranquis amb conquilla. La seva anatomia combina característiques pròpies dels gasteròpodes amb altres adaptacions associades a la vida bentònica.
Umbraculum umbraculum per Enric Madrenas
Els Umbraculida viuen principalment en ambients marins poc profunds, tot i que algunes espècies poden trobar-se a profunditats considerables. Es poden localitzar sobre substrats rocosos, sediments tous, entre algues o associats a altres organismes bentònics. La seva distribució és àmplia i inclou diferents regions dels oceans tropicals, temperats i subtropicals, però el seu aspecte discret i els seus hàbits críptics fan que sovint siguin difícils de detectar.
Una de les seves característiques més distintives és la conquilla, que és petita, baixa i generalment en forma de cúpula. A diferència de la majoria dels gasteròpodes amb conquilla, aquesta no cobreix completament el cos de l’animal, sinó que se situa sobre la part dorsal i deixa gran part del cos exposada. El peu és ampli i musculós i permet a l’animal desplaçar-se pel substrat. Al cap hi ha estructures sensorials que contribueixen a detectar l’entorn i els recursos alimentaris.
Els Umbraculida són principalment herbívors o s’alimenten d’organismes sèssils presents sobre el substrat. La seva ràdula està adaptada per raspar i ingerir material alimentari de les superfícies on viuen. Algunes espècies poden estar associades a determinats tipus d’algues o altres organismes, tot i que els coneixements sobre la seva dieta i comportament alimentari són encara limitats en comparació amb els de grups de gasteròpodes més estudiats.
La morfologia dels Umbraculida reflecteix una combinació de característiques que els relaciona amb altres heterobranquis conquillats i amb els llimacs marins. La conquilla dorsal proporciona protecció sense impedir completament el moviment del cos, mentre que el peu ample permet una locomoció eficient sobre el substrat. Aquest pla corporal constitueix una de les formes més singulars d’adaptació dins dels gasteròpodes heterobranquis.
Des del punt de vista evolutiu, els Umbraculida són especialment interessants per comprendre la diversificació dels heterobranquis amb conquilla. Els estudis anatòmics i moleculars han contribuït a aclarir les seves relacions amb altres grups de gasteròpodes i a comprendre millor l’evolució de les seves característiques particulars. La seva combinació de conquilla reduïda, cos tou i adaptacions bentòniques mostra la diversitat de solucions evolutives que han aparegut dins dels Heterobranchia.
Tot i que els Umbraculida no són un grup habitualment observat pels bussejadors, formen part de la diversitat menys coneguda dels heterobranquis marins. La seva morfologia singular, la seva petita conquilla i la seva biologia encara poc coneguda els converteixen en un grup interessant per als estudis taxonòmics, ecològics i evolutius. Els mostrejos en hàbitats bentònics poc profunds i la revisió detallada de substrats i organismes associats poden contribuir a millorar el coneixement sobre la seva distribució i diversitat.
La taxonomia dels Umbraculida segons WoRMS és:
Espècies d’Umbraculida citades a la mar Mediterrània o a la península Ibèrica:
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.
