Umbraculida

Els umbracúlids tenen una organització corporal bastant homogènia en la qual destaca la presència d’una voluminosa brànquia bipectinada situada a la dreta del cos entre el peu i el mantell dorsal.

Umbraculum umbraculum per Enric Madrenas

Són animals de grandària mitjana a gran el cap dels quals té un parell de rinòfors enrotllats i un vel frontal aplanat que sol mostrar uns curts tentacles orals. El mantell dorsal està molt desenvolupat i cobreix totalment al cos, podent ser llis o amb tubercles. En els gèneres Umbraculum i Tylodina existeix una conquilla externa, poc calcificada i de tipus pateliforme que no arriba a cobrir tot l’animal. En algunes espècies hi ha espícules calcàries microscòpiques en el mantell. El bulb bucal té un llavi amb elements mastegadors independents i la ràdula sempre present, no existint dent raquídia o mitjana. La cavitat paleal és una espècie de solc estret entre el mantell i el peu situat a la dreta del cos i on s’allotja la brànquia. El peu és molt ampli i sol tenir en la part posterior d’una aparent glàndula metapodial secretora de mucus.

Biologia
Algunes espècies de Umbracúlids són de talla gran (gairebé 20 cm en els majors exemplars de Umbraculum umbraculum) i bastant visibles en els fons litorals en què viuen. Generalment són molt sedentaris. Els Umbracúlids, com els altres opistobranquis, són hermafrodites, tenen fecundació interna i les seves còpules són recíproques. Poc després de la còpula, els animals efectuen postes en forma de cinta irregular. Les larves velígeres que eclosionen dels ous són planctòniques i planctotrófiques. Són, en principi, carnívors, podent alimentar-se d’esponges, tunicats colonials o solitaris i altres invertebrats, però en el cas de Tylodina perversa sembla que pugui alimentar-se de les algues cianofícies que viuen en els teixits de l’esponja de la qual aparentment s’alimenta, encara que també se sap que té la capacitat d’incorporar els pigments de l’esponja a la qual depreden i d’aquesta manera tenir homocromia sobre el substrat.

Distribució
La majoria d’espècies d’umbracúlids viuen en aigües temperades i tropicals de tots els oceans. Totes les famílies tenen representants en aigües europees.

Classificació
Aquest grup pertanyia, fins fa poc, al grup dels Notaspideus, considerat com un Ordre dins dels tradicionals Opistobranquis, que ja no és acceptat. Això és així perquè des de fa poc s’ha comprovat, gràcies a anàlisis comparatives de la seva morfologia i a recents estudis moleculars, que les dues famílies que comprenien, els Umbraculidae i els Pleurobranchidae, representen a dos llinatges diferents i que possiblement no comparteixin avantpassats comuns. Les diverses anàlisis filogenètiques que s’han realitzat en els últims anys tendeixen a col·locar als Umbraculidae en un clade (denominat Euopisthobranchia en el treball de Jörger et al., 2010) en el qual també es troben els Runcinacea, els Anaspidea i els Cephalaspidea s.s., entre uns altres.

La taxonomia del grup segons el WoRMS és la següent:

Umbraculida Odhner, 1939

• Umbraculoidea Dall, 1889 (1827)
  • Tylodinidae Gray, 1847
    • Tylodina Rafinesque, 1814
  • Umbraculidae Dall, 1889 (1827)
    • Spiricella Rang, 1828
    • Umbraculum Schumacher, 1817

Es coneixen només una desena d’espècies en tot el món.

Espècies d’Umbraculida citades a la Mediterrània o a la Península Ibèrica:

Tylodina perversa

Tylodina rafinesquii

Umbraculum umbraculum

Bibliografia

1246567 Umbraculida 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 7853 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.