Els gimnosomats formen un ordre de opistobranquis pelàgics que, juntament amb els tecosomados (THECOSOMATA) reben el nom de pteròpodes (PTEROPODA = peu en forma d’ales), degut a què tenen expansions del seu cos que funcionen com aletes natatòries. El nom gymnosomata fa referència al fet que tenen el cos (soma ) nu (gymnos ). Els gimnosomats es coneixen també pel nom comú d’àngels de mar.
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Descripció
Els gimnosomats solen tenir el cos semitransparent i són de talla petita, poques espècies aconsegueixen mesurar uns centímetres, com Clione limacina , que pot arribar a tenir 5 cm de longitud. Els gimnosomats no tenen conquilla ni cavitat paleal, tenen el cos fusiforme o cilíndric i presenten simetria bilateral. El cap està ben desenvolupat i té un parell de tentacles orals i un parell de rinòfors. La boca, que sol poder evaginar en forma de probòscide o trompa, està armada amb tentacles proveïts de ventoses, ganxos i una ràdula amb una dent mitjana i diverses dents laterals. El tub digestiu no té pedrer amb plaques còrnies. Algunes espècies tenen brànquies. El peu està dividit en dos lòbuls propodials anteriors i dos lòbuls epipodials laterals, molt desenvolupats i proveïts de musculatura, que funcionen com aletes natatòries.
Clione limacina by Manuel Ballesteros per Manuel Ballesteros
Biologia
Els gimnosomats són planctònics (principalment epi i mesopelágics) i actius nedadors però, a diferència dels tecosomats, són voraços depredadors i carnívors; busquen activament les seves preses, que solen ser tecosomats, i els capturen amb ajuda del seu probòscide i dels tentacles bucals. Els gimnosomats neden més ràpidament que els tecosomats i també efectuen migracions verticals en la columna d’aigua, ascendint de nit a cotes someres i descendint a més profunditat quan es fa de dia. Els gimnosomats són hermafrodites proteràndrics, tenen fecundació interna i, quan dos individus copulen, els dos intercanvien esperma. Poc després de la fecundació, alliberen els ous a l’aigua embeguts en una estructura gelatinosa en forma de cordó o massa amorfa. Les larves velígeres tenen una conquilla en forma de didal que es perd durant la metamorfosi.
Distribució
Es coneixen una quarantena d’espècies de gimnosomats a tot el món. Moltes d’elles tenen una distribució geogràfica molt àmplia que va des dels mars polars fins els equatorials. D’algunes espècies es coneixen diferents formes o subespècies segons la latitud de la mar en què visquin i altres com Clione limacina tenen una distribució bipolar. En aquesta espècie, els individus que viuen en latituds baixes, en aigües més càlides, són de mida més petita que els que viuen en aigües polars.
Taxonomia
Segons el WoRMS la taxonomía actualment acceptada dels gimnosomats és la següent:
Subordre Gymnosomata
Superfamília Clionoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Família Clionidae Rafinesque, 1815
Gènere Cephalobrachia Bonnevie, 1913
Gènere Clione Pallas, 1774
Gènere Fowlerina Pelseneer, 1906
Gènere Massya Pruvot-Fol, 1924
Gènere Paedoclione Danforth, 1907
Gènere Paraclione Tesch, 1903
Gènere Thalassopterus Kwietniewski, 1910
Gènere Thliptodon Boas, 1886
Família Cliopsidae O. G. Costa, 1873
Gènere Cliopsis Troschel, 1854
Gènere Pruvotella Pruvot-Fol, 1932
Família Notobranchaeidae Pelseneer, 1886
Gènere Notobranchaea Pelseneer, 1886
Família Pneumodermatidae Latreille, 1825
Gènere Abranchaea F.-S. Zhang, 1964
Gènere Platybrachium Minichev, 1976
Gènere Pneumoderma de Roissy, 1805
Gènere Pneumodermopsis Keferstein, 1862
Gènere Schizobrachium Meisenheimer, 1903
Gènere Spongiobranchaea d’Orbigny, 1836
Superfamília Hydromyloidea Pruvot-Fol, 1942 (1862)
Família Hydromylidae Pruvot-Fol, 1942 (1862)
Gènere Hydromyles Gistel, 1848
Família Laginiopsidae Pruvot-Fol, 1922
Gènere Laginiopsis Pruvot-Fol, 1922
Entre les espècies citades a la Mediterrània o a la Península Ibèrica destaquem:
La darrera espècie és molt freqüent als pols.
Bibliografia
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006 . Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009 . Bibliographia Nudibranchia , amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.