Coryphella verrucosa

Coryphella verrucosa (M. Sars, 1829)

Coryphella verrucosa @ Norway by Viktor Vasskog Grøtan

Taxonomy

	Superdomain	Biota
	Kingdom	Animalia
	Phylum	Mollusca
	Class	Gastropoda
	Subclass	Heterobranchia
	Infraclass	Euthyneura
	Subterclass	Ringipleura
	Superorder	Nudipleura
	Order	Nudibranchia
	Suborder	Cladobranchia
	Superfamily	Fionoidea
	Family	Coryphellidae
	Genus	Coryphella
	Species	Coryphella verrucosa  (Sars M., 1829)
	Classification according to Bouchet et al. (2017) Taxonomic source: World Register of Marine Species (AphiaID: 139987).

Taxonomic note: The classification of the Flabellinidae had remained fairly stable until in 2017 a series of works appeared (Furfaro et al., 2017; Korshunova et al., 2017) that intended to clarify the status of the Flabellinidae family. The main objective of the paper by Furfaro et al. was to molecularly characterize the Mediterranean species while the paper by Korshunova et al. wanted to delve into the phylogenetic relationships between various members of the Flabellinidae family and the other families of aeolidaceans.
Both works were based on the combination of molecular and morphological techniques and, in fact, do not offer very different results, but differ on the size and origin of the studied samples and, mainly, on the interpretation of the results. After the appearance of the paper by Furfaro et al., many Mediterranean species of the genera Calmella, Flabellina and Piseinotecus were grouped under the common genusFlabellina, but had certain problems with some species that did not fit well with the proposed classification (e.g,Flabellina babai) , discovered that the Mediterranean and Atlantic populations ofFlabellina ischitana correspond to two different cryptic species, and noted the problems of the cryptic group formed by Calmella cavolini / Flabellina confusa / Piseinotecus gaditanus, indicating the need for further studies to clarify their status.
Curiously, these studies were being carried out practically in parallel by the group of Korshunova et al. but on a much wider sample of species that included specimens from the Arctic, North Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. This second paper confirms the polyphily of the family Flabellinidae, but the interpretation of these results becomes a real revolution for the taxonomy of the aeolidaceans, especially for the family Flabellinidae.
Both papers show that there are two well differentiated clades (groups) in the Flabellinidae: species like Coryphella pedata and similars, with cerata that come directly from the back, and species like Flabellina affinis and similars, with cerata of each group coming from a stalk or pod. Although Furfaro et al. consider the species of both clades belonging to the genusFlabellina within the family Flabellinidae, Korshunova et al. distinguishes two families: Coryphellidae and Flabellinidae sensu stricto, also creating many different genera in these families to include the species they study. Its taxonomic proposal, curiously, solves the problems found by Furfaro et al.
In a way, both papers complement to each other, although in the paper by Korshunova et al. it is evident the lack of studies on tropical flabellinid species and those from southern America and Africa, so the subject has not been settled. The proposal to create new genera to collect small groups of species, instead of multispecific genera, seems to be the trend in some of the phylogenetic works of recent years. We hope to see new papers expanding the knowledge on the aeolidaceans soon. A detailed discussion of this exciting controversy can be found at (https://opistobranquis.info/en/flabellinidae/).

There are two variants or forms of this species, one with short, blunt, white tipped cerata (which is the one originally described by M.Sars in 1829), form “verrucosa”, and another with the long red cerata, form “rufibranchialis”. Both forms are characterized by having a white line in the mid-dorsal part of the tail. The two forms are sympatrical (occur in the same habitat and location) and have been studied molecularly by Eriksson et al. (2006) through the COI gene sequencing that has reported no differences between them.

Synonyms

• Aeolidia verrucosa M. Sars, 1829 (original)
• Coryphella mananensis (Stimpson, 1853)
• Coryphella robusta Trinchese, 1874
• Coryphella rufibranchialis (Johnston, 1832)
• Coryphella rufibranchialis cocholata Balch, 1908
• Flabellina verrucosa (Sars M., 1829)
• Eolidia embletoni Johnston, 1835 
• Eolidia verrucosa Sars M., 1829
• Eolis diversa Couthouy, 1839
• Eolis mananensis Stimpson, 1853
• Eolis rufibranchialis Johnston, 1832

Description

Biology

Etymology

• Coryphella: Diminutive of Greek “koryphe”, head’s crown, peak, summit.
• Verrucosa references to the short, wart shaped cerata of the dorsum.

Distribution

Known georeferenced records of the species: Coryphella verrucosa
Sources:
: OBIS : GROC 2010-2011 : Enric Madrenas : João Pedro Silva : Bernard Picton : GBIF.ORG	: OPK : VIMAR : Manuel Ballesteros. : M@re Nostrum : Altres fonts : Marine Regions

References for the species: Coryphella verrucosa

We have not yet published references for Iberian coasts of: Coryphella verrucosa.

Abundance

Western Mediterranean:
Eastern Mediterranean:
Atlantic Ocean:

More pictures

Bibliography

1246567 Coryphella verrucosa items 1 entomological-society-of-america author asc 1 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
Bibliography based on the works by Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 and Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, with later updates from other resources.

Further reading

• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• DORIS
• Flickr pictures
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• Medslugs (Atl.NE)
• Medslugs (Atl.NW)
• Medslugs (Pac.NE)
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Scottish Nudibranchs
• The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
• The Slug Site
• World Register of Marine Species

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