Doris verrucosa

Doris verrucosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Doris verrucosa @ Basin de Thau, France 30.05.2020 by Pascal Girard

Taxonomy
 

Superdomain

Biota  

 

Kingdom

Animalia  

 

Phylum

Mollusca  

 

Class

Gastropoda  

 

Subclass

Heterobranchia  

 

Infraclass

Euthyneura  

 

Subterclass

Ringipleura  

 

Superorder

Nudipleura  

 

Order

Nudibranchia  

 

Suborder

Doridina  

 

Infraorder

Doridoidei  

 

Superfamily

Doridoidea  

 

Family

Dorididae  

 

Genus

Doris  

 

Species

Doris verrucosa  Linnaeus, 1758

 
 Classification according to Bouchet et al. (2017)
Taxonomic source: World Register of Marine Species (AphiaID: 139623).
Synonyms

  • Archidoris granosa Bergh, 1907
  • Doridigitata verrucosa (Linnaeus, 1758) 
  • Doris biscayensis P. Fischer, 1872
  • Doris derelicta P. Fischer, 1867
  • Staurodoris bobretzkii Gadzikiewicz, 1907
  • Staurodoris januari Bergh, 1878
  • Staurodoris januarii Bergh, 1878
  • Staurodoris verrucosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Staurodoris verrucosa var. mollis Eliot, 1906

Description
The largest specimens of this species can reach up to 8 cm in length, but frequently specimens located under rocks in shallow water measure between 25 and 40 mm. The overall body color varies with specimens, from yellowish-green, brownish or different shades of gray and in lighter coloured animals often exist side two darker longitudinal bands ranging from the rhinophores down to the branchial plume. The most characteristic feature, honored by its specific name, are the tubercle shaped warts that are found all over the back. These warts are raised, more or less elongated deppending on the state of the animal and with rounded tips. Warts the center of the back are usually more developed, have their base slightly narrower and its size decreases as they are closest to the edge of the mantle. Dorsal warts have at their base a thin whitish striation possibly due to the presence of spicules in the mantle. The rhinophores share the same color of the body and their laminar portion has about 20 lamellae; the rhinophoric sheath is high and the upper edge has 4 tubers, two large and flattened in lateral position, one small in anterior position and one small in posterior position. The gill consists of 12 to 16 gill leaves coloured yellow-green located in a circle around the anus and having short lamellae on both sides of the central spine. The anal papilla has a cylindrical shape and is coloured yellowish. The branchial sheath is rather high and its upper edge is usually crowned by alternating large and small rounded papillae. The foot is broad and its colour is of a slightly lighter shade than the body. The mouth has two short and rounded labial palps.

Biology
This is an infralapidicole nudibranch species mainly living under stones in the intertidal zone and down to about 10-15 m deep. In this environment lives the sponge species it feeds on, Halicondria panicea, despite it has been cited feeding on the sponge Hymeniacidon sanguinea (Urgorri 1981; Avila et al. 1990). The rhinophores are very sensitive, retreating to the lesser disturbance. The spawn consists of a yellowish ribbon spirally wound of about 15 mm in diameter. D. verrucosa has defensive allomones called verrucosines (secondary metabolites of the group of the diacylglycerols and with ichthyotoxic action), that it apparently biosynthesizes de novo, without requiring the precursors from its sponge food (Avila et al., 1990).

Etymology

  • Doris. In Greek mythology Doris was a sea nymph, one of the many children of Oceanus and Tethys, wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids.
  • Verrucosa refers to the wart shaped dorsal tubercles covering the animal’s dorsum.

Distribution
This is one of the oldest species of nudibranchs known, as it was described by Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of Systema Naturae. Since then it has been cited on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. In the Western Atlantic coast it has been found in Brazil, Costa Rica and other parts of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and North American coasts from Massachusetts to Florida. In the Eastern Atlantic it is cited in Cape Verde, the Canary Islands, European Atlantic coasts from the North Sea to the Iberian Peninsula, Ghana and West Coast of South Africa. In the Iberian Peninsula it has been cited in both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal areas. In the Catalan coast has been cited in Roses, Medes islands, L’Estartit, Blanes, Sitges, inside the Vallcarca harbour (Garraf) and Cubelles (where it is usually abundant under stones in 30 cm of water) and the Ebro Delta, where it is frequent.

Known georeferenced records of the species: Doris verrucosa
Sources:
: OBIS
: GROC 2010-2011
: Enric Madrenas
: João Pedro Silva
: Bernard Picton
: GBIF.ORG
: OPK
: VIMAR
: Manuel Ballesteros.
: M@re Nostrum
: Altres fonts
: Marine Regions

Abundance

    Western Mediterranean: ★★☆☆☆
    Eastern Mediterranean: ★☆☆☆☆
    Atlantic Ocean: ★☆☆☆☆
Month

This chart displays the monthly observation probability for Doris verrucosa based on our own records.

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Bibliography

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    Bibliography based on the works by Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 and Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, with later updates from other resources.

Further reading

Cite this article as:

Ballesteros, M., Madrenas, E. & Pontes, M. (2023) "Doris verrucosa" in OPK-Opistobranquis. Published: 16/05/2012. Accessed: 19/03/2024. Available at (https://opistobranquis.info/en/?p=496)

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