Cargoa problematica

Cargoa problematica (Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli & Crocetta, 2019)

Cargoa problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale

Taxonomic note: Goniodorididae is a family of small dorid nudibranchs distributed worldwide that feed on entoprocts, ascidians, and bryozoans. The evolutionary relationships between its taxa have been uncertain due to the limited taxa available for phylogenetic analyses; some genera being paraphyletic. The family includes a remarkable number of synonymized genera in which the species richness is unequally distributed, some genera have dozens of species, while others are monospecific. Some clades are very uniform morphologically while others are considered highly variable. Paz Sedano et al (2024) used a target enrichment approach of ultra-conserved elements to increase backbone phylogenetic resolution on Goniodorididae, and increased species representation by including four genetic markers from 109 species out of the nearly 160 currently valid species. As a result, two subfamilies and eleven genera were elucidated, and the synonymized genera Bermudella, Cargoa, and Ceratodoris were resurrected. They also demonstrated that trophic behavior could have driven species evolution and morphological uniqueness the family.
Cargoa species share some traits: the presence of four thin, linear papillae located in front of rhinophores; one or two additional linear papillae may be present, followed by clavated papillae, with swollen tips, which become larger towards the posterior part; one dorsal papilla with the same shape as laterals; dark brown color; and a small radula with around ten rows of teeth (no more than 20). Even though there is no clear evidence of the prey preference of the species, these mollusks may feed on ctenostome bryozoans where they have been found wandering, including species of Amathia, Margaretta and Anguinella. Species of Cargoa are found on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea.

Synonyms

• Okenia impexa banyulensis Schmekel, 1979 (unavailable under ICZN Art. 15.1: name proposed conditionally after 1960)
• Okenia problematica Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli et Crocetta, 2019

Description
Elongated, translucent white body, covered with many and concentrated brown spots, with randomly scattered white-yellowish spots. The whole body is covered by conspicuous spicules, and it ends in a long and pointed translucent white tail covered with mostly white and scattered brown dots. The notal border is well developed, with 8 lateral papillae symmetrically distributed on each body side. Distribution of papillae is as follows: one located in front of rhinophores, one besides the rhinophores, four between the rhinophores and the gill, and two behind gill rising from same stalk. The shape and size of the papillae is slightly variable; the two papillae located at the front are long and finger-like, followed by a shorter one and then they subsequently increasing in size to the rear side of the body. All papillae located behind the rhinophores have a rounded widening at the tip, more evident in the papillae located behind the gill. There is a single papilla in the mid-dorsal line similar in shape and size to the ones on the sides, and also with a rounded tip. Rhinophores are long and slender, of the same colour pattern of the body, with 6–9 lamellae each on the distal portion. Gill is composed of four unipinnate branches surrounding the anus, the two located ahead sharing a common stalk. There are two short oral tentacles flanking the mouth. The foot is long and slender, coloured translucent white without any spots, and with two small but elongated propodial tentacles in the anterior side. Genitalia is located on the right side of the body, usually close to the rhinophore.

Biology
Cargoa problematica seems to be common at depths below 10 m. The specimens collected in Gallipoli (Italy) were found on an artificial reef located on a sandy bottom, amidst unidentified hydrozoans and encrusting bryozoans. Templado (1982), Valdés & Ortea (1995), García-Gómez et al. (2011), and Ballesteros et al. (2016) mostly reported its cryptic presence in rocky infralittoral bottoms (~5–10 m) with the bryozoan Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786). However, Schmekel (1979), Schmekel & Portmann (1982), Valdés & Ortea (1995), and Ballesteros et al. (2016) also reported its presence at 5–15 m depth on infralittoral algae such as Halimeda J.V.Lamouroux, 1812, those of the family Corallinaceae Lamouroux, 1812 and Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje, 1829.

Etimology

• Cargoa. In honor of David G. Cargo, a colleague of Drs. Vogel & Schultz from the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons Maryland, USA.
• Problematica, due to its complex taxonomic history.

Distribution
Species has been described on specimens collected at Gallipoli (Lecce, Italy), Aiguafreda (Begur, Girona, Spain), and Cala Joncols (Roses, Girona, Spain). Literature records of Cargoa cupella and Cargoa impexa from the Mediterranean Sea also belong to this taxon.

Other pictures

Bibliography

1246567 Cargoa problematica 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 30894 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliography based on the works by Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 and Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, with later updates from other resources.

Further reading

• Flickr pictures
• Salento Sommerso
• World Register of Marine Species

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