Haminella solitaria

Haminella solitaria (Say, 1822)

• Bulla solitaria Say, 1822
• Haminea solitaria (Say, 1822)
• Haminoea solitaria (Say, 1822)

Description
Haminella solitaria (Say, 1822) is a small cephalaspidean gastropod belonging to the family Haminoeidae, reaching approximately 20 mm in length when fully extended. It has a thin, fragile and translucent internal shell, partially covered by the animal’s tissues, which is generally whitish or yellowish when clean. The body is usually brownish or greyish, with a well-developed cephalic shield whose posterior end is deeply divided into two lobes. The eyes may be poorly visible or concealed by the cephalic tissues in adult specimens. The parapodia are broad and may meet dorsally along the midline. Identification based exclusively on external characters should be treated with caution because of the similarity to other haminoeid species, and doubtful specimens should preferably be examined using anatomical characters and, particularly, molecular techniques.

Biology
This is a benthic species occurring mainly in shallow waters and sheltered coastal environments, on soft bottoms and in areas associated with marine vegetation, estuaries, lagoons and harbour environments. Its diet is primarily microphagous and includes small organisms associated with the substrate, particularly diatoms. Like other Haminoeidae, it is hermaphroditic and produces gelatinous egg masses, generally approximately spherical in shape, which are attached to the substrate by a small stalk. Reproductive activity in the known European populations has mainly been observed during the warmer months. The species may easily go unnoticed because of its small size and relatively inconspicuous coloration.

Etymology

• Haminella. Derived from Haminoea, the genus in which the species was traditionally placed, with the Latin diminutive suffix -ella, used to indicate a related but distinct form.
• Solitaria. From the Latin solitarius, meaning “solitary” or “isolated”, probably referring to the appearance or way of life observed by Thomas Say when he described the species.

Distribution
Haminella solitaria is native to the northwestern Atlantic, where it ranges from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia along the eastern coast of the United States to Florida. It is considered a non-native species in Europe, where the first known record was from the German Baltic coast, specifically the Bay of Wismar, in August 2016 (Wranik & Malaquias, 2018). It was subsequently recorded in Denmark, where its establishment was confirmed from 2020 onwards (Jensen, 2022), while in Sweden a possible observation from Tjärnö in 2017 was already mentioned by Wranik and Malaquias (2018), and its presence in the area was subsequently confirmed in 2025, with live specimens, egg masses and environmental DNA evidence. In the Iberian Peninsula, a specimen has been recorded in Cádiz whose photographic material shows morphological characters consistent with Haminella solitaria and whose identification has been favourably reviewed by specialists; however, the record remains provisional pending molecular confirmation. If confirmed, it would represent a considerable southward extension of the known European range of the species.

We have no known georeferenced records for the species: Haminella solitaria.

More pictures

Haminella solitaria @ Cádiz, Spain by Javi Sánchez Escarcena

Bibliography

1246567 Haminella solitaria 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 48714 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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