Bursatella leachii

Bursatella leachii  (de Blainville, 1817)

• Aclesia africana Engel, 1926
• Aclesia glauca Cheeseman, 1878
• Aclesia rosea Engel, 1926
• Aplysia bursatella Rang, 1834
• Bursatella lacinulata Gould, 1852
• Bursatella leachi [sic]
• Notarchus (Bursatella) leachii (Blainville, 1817)
• Notarchus intrapictus Cockerell, 1893
• Notarchus laciniatus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830

Encara que Bursatella és un gènere monofilètic que conté només l’espècie Bursatella leachii, una àmplia gamma de colors i variacions morfològiques ha portat a diferents autors a suggerir que la distribució global comprèn diverses subespècies diferents (Eales i Engel, 1935; Bebbington 1969):

• Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817
• Bursatella leachii guineensis Bebbington, 1969
• Bursatella leachii leachii Blainville, 1817
• Bursatella leachii pleii (Rang, 1828)
• Bursatella leachii savigniana Audouin, 1826
• Bursatella leachii africana (Engel, 1926) (=Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817)
• Bursatella leachii lacinulata Gould, 1852 (=Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817)
• Bursatella leachii rosea (Engel, 1926) (=Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817)

Descripció
Té una mida màxima de 25 cm (J.Prkić, com.pers.), encara que l’habitual és que tinguin una longitud de 8 a 10 cm. El color del cos és variable i presenta dos patrons diferents, un fosc de color marró verdós i un altre clar, de color verd grisenc o marró blanquinós, generalment esquitxats amb taques fosques de forma arrodonida i que solen tenir una taca, generalment de color blau brillant , al centre. La superfície del cos està coberta d’unes vellositats allargades i desiguals que li donen la seva aparença característica. El peu és ample amb la vora frontal separada en dos i la part posterior arrodonida. Els paràpodes no li permeten nedar com a altres llebres de mar ja que estan soldats entre si, deixant únicament una ranura oberta al centre del dors que dóna accés a la cavitat paleal. Els adults no tenen conquilla interna (Voss 1980, Kaplan 1988, Rupert i Fox 1988). En el cap té dos rinòfors (tentacles olfactius) llargs i retràctils, així com dos tentacles orals a banda i banda de la boca.

Biologia
Prefereix aigües poc profundes i de baix hidrodinamisme, per la qual cosa és molt comuna a llacunes i ports. A la Mediterrània es troba en fons tous amb algues com Caulerpa prolifera, Cymodocea nodosa i Zostera noltii, on s’alimenta d’algues cianofícies com Lyngbya majuscula que poden formar gruixudes capes en fons de fang o recobrint amb una mena de pel·lícula les esmentades macro-algues. També poden alimentar-se de diatomees i ocasionalment macròfits com Ectocarpus o Enteromorpha (Paige, 1988). La posta consisteix en un cordó de color variable, taronja, marró, groc o verd, format per càpsules que poden contenir entre 1 i 20 ous de 87 micres de diàmetre cadascun (Paige 1988). Després d’eclosionar, les larves passen a formar part del plàncton. Les larves probablement només es fixen al substrat en presència de les algues cianofícies de les que puguin alimentar-se. Els juvenils aconsegueixen la maduresa sexual als 2-3 mesos d’edat (Paige 1988). Almenys en algunes zones aquesta espècie té reclutament continu, sense una estació reproductiva clarament definida (Clarke, 2004). Paige (1988) va observar que el desenvolupament embrionari era normal a temperatures d’entre 20 i 30ºC, però que s’aturava a 15 ° C. L’aparició de Bursatella leachii en gran varietat d’hàbitats oceànics i estuarins suggereix que també té certa tolerància a les fluctuacions de salinitat. No és molt sensible a la qualitat de l’aigua, per la qual cosa és capaç de sobreviure en ambients molt contaminats. Els primers exemplars de Bursatella leachii al Mar Menor (Llevant, Espanya) es van detectar el 2008; el 2010 i 2011 es va produir una gran explosió poblacional. Han estat reportades densitats de fins a 660 individus per metre quadrat (Paige, 1988), que són probablement atribuïbles a situacions en què les condicions ambientals són òptimes: bon subministrament de larves, alimentació abundant, així com marees, corrents i condicions meteorològiques favorables (Rudman, Sea Slug Forum). També es coneixen episodis de mortalitat massiva on centenars de milers d’exemplars apareixen a la costa després de ser arrossegats per les onades, tempestes i marees després de períodes de temperatures extremes. En condicions normals es creu que aquesta espècie pot arribar a viure una mica més d’un any.
Es creu que és capaç de segrestar metabòlits secundaris de l’alga de la que s’alimenta p.e. lyngbyatoxina-a (Capper et al., 2005) amb propietats antimicrobianes o citotòxiques, que concentra en una sèrie de glàndules de la seva pell i que presumptament utilitza per a la seva pròpia protecció. Pot descarregar un núvol de tinta de color porpra si se la molesta (Paige 1988). Una proteïna anti-VIH, la bursatellanina-P, s’ha aïllat de la secreció de tinta porpra de l’espècie, tot i que encara queda per veure si hi ha alguna aplicació biomèdica viable relacionada amb aquest descobriment (Rajaganapathi et al., 2002; Àvila, 2006) .
De costums bàsicament diürnes, s’ha observat que els individus d’una zona solen concentrar-se a la nit, dispersant-se al matí per alimentar-se durant la resta del dia.

Etimologia

• Bursatella. Derivat del Latín “bursa”, bossa; per la forma globosa del cos.
• Leachii. En honor del Dr. William Elford Leach, (1791-1836), un zoòleg i naturalista anglès caracteritzat pel seu “indomable entusiasme i extraordinàries consecucions”. 

Distribució
El seu rang de distribució és circuntropical, habitant en tots els mars tropicals i temperats (Lowe i Turner 1976) entre els paral·lels 40ºN i els 40ºS. La primera cita a la Mediterrània va ser a Israel (O’Donoghue & White, 1940) i des de llavors s’ha trobat a Turquia, Grècia, Itàlia i tan sols recentment a la costa mediterrània de França (Cagnes sur Mer, Niça, per B. Riondy, 2014 en DORIS) i Espanya, on ha estat citada a les Balears (Mallorca; Oliver & Terrasa, 2004), Llevant (Alacant i Àguiles) i Catalunya. La primera observació en aigües catalanes (Weitzmann et al., 2007) va tenir lloc al delta de l’Ebre, on està ben establerta en praderies someres de Cymodocea nodosa i Caulerpa prolifera, i sembla ser que ha ampliat la seva distribució cap al nord, havent-se detectat algun exemplar a Vilanova i la Geltrú el 2011 i a Barcelona el 2012 (Weitzmann, com. pers.) i 2018 (Parera et al. 2020; Pontes et al. 2021). Detectats per primera vegada a la Mediterrània oriental l’any 1940, es suposava que aquests exemplars eren lessepsians (originaris del Mar Roig), no obstant això, Bazzicalupo et al (2018) van demostrar que eren d’origen atlàntic després de realitzar estudis moleculars en exemplars mediterranis.

Cites georeferenciades conegudes de l'espècie: Bursatella leachii

Fonts:
OBIS GROC 2010-2011 Enric Madrenas João Pedro Silva Bernard Picton GBIF	OPK VIMAR Manuel Ballesteros M@re Nostrum Altres fonts Marine Regions

Videos

Altres fotos

Bursatella leachii by Luis Sánchez Tocino

Bursatella leachii con puesta by Ernesto Sestito

Bursatella leachii con puesta by Ernesto Sestito

Bursatella leachii Observed at S. Maria al Bagno, Lecce, Puglia, Italia (06/10/2011) by Cataldo Licchelli

Bursatella leachii by Alexander Semenov

Bursatella leachii @ Laguna Fusaro, Bacoli, Napoli

Bursatella leachii @ Laguna Fusaro, Bacoli, Napoli by Guido Villani

Bursatella leachii @ Laguna Fusaro, Bacoli, Napoli by Guido Villani

Bursatella leachii @ Delta de l’Ebre by Neus Sanmartí

Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas

Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas

Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas

Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas

Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas

Bursatella leachii @ Ile de NGor (Senegal), 2012, night dive by Peter Wirtz

Bibliografia

1246567 Bursatella leachii 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 369 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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