Home Guide to Opisthobranchs Cephalaspidea Bulloidea Pyrunculus hoernesi

Pyrunculus hoernesi

Pyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866)

Pyrunculus hoernesi @ Croatia by Pero Ugarković

WoRMS Taxonomic Information

Current accepted name: Pyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866)

Current classification

SuperdomainBiota
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumMollusca
ClassGastropoda
SubclassHeterobranchia
InfraclassEuthyneura
SubterclassTectipleura
OrderCephalaspidea
SuperfamilyBulloidea
FamilyRetusidae
GenusPyrunculus
SpeciesPyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866)

Classification provided by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). [141124]

Taxonomic note: Pyrunculus hoernesi was originally described by Weinkauff (1866) as Bulla (Cylichna) hoernesi, reflecting the broad concept of Bulla then applied to many small cephalaspideans. During the following century, the species was generally assigned to the genus Cylichna, appearing in the literature under the combinations Cylichna hoernesi and Cylichna hoernesii. The latter is now regarded as an incorrect subsequent spelling, while the currently accepted name is Pyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866) (MolluscaBase, 2026; WoRMS Editorial Board, 2026). Likewise, Cylichna cuneata Tiberi, 1868 is currently considered a junior synonym of P. hoernesi (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). The transfer of the species to Pyrunculus resulted from a revised interpretation of retusid systematics based on shell morphology and anatomical characters. Although species of Pyrunculus and Cylichna are superficially similar, they differ in several diagnostic features, particularly shell shape and the structure of the gizzard, which in Pyrunculus bears three subtriangular chitinous plates, each provided with two blunt tubercles (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). The taxonomy of Mediterranean retusids has long been complicated by their minute size, simple shell morphology and the scarcity of anatomical studies, resulting in frequent misidentifications and nomenclatural inconsistencies. The revision by Tringali and Oliverio (2001) clarified the identity of the Mediterranean representatives of Pyrunculus and established the taxonomic framework currently adopted by MolluscaBase and the World Register of Marine Species (Bouchet et al., 2017; MolluscaBase, 2026).

Synonyms

  • Bulla (Cylichna) hoernesi Weinkauff, 1866
  • Cylichna cuneata Tiberi, 1868
  • Cylichna hoernesii (Weinkauff, 1866)

Description
Pyrunculus hoernesi is a minute bubble snail with a shell reaching approximately 6 mm in length, although most living individuals are smaller (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). The shell is relatively solid, smooth and glossy, uniformly porcelaneous white and devoid of any colour pattern. It is elongate-pyriform in outline, gradually tapering towards the posterior end, with its greatest width situated near the beginning of the lower third of the shell (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). The aperture is long and narrow throughout most of its length, becoming slightly broader anteriorly. The columella is nearly straight, with a slight sinuous curvature, while the outer lip is thin and evenly rounded. The apex is deeply sunken within a narrow apical umbilicus and is surrounded by a series of short axial riblets. Fine spiral striae are present on the basal portion of the shell but generally require magnification to be clearly observed (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). The living animal is delicate and translucent, with the exposed soft parts varying from ivory-white to pale cream and closely matching the shell in colour. The cephalic shield is broad and smooth, with two triangular posterior lobes. The parapodia are small and leave most of the shell exposed, while the eyes are inconspicuous or not readily visible in living specimens (Moro et al., 2009).

Biology
Pyrunculus hoernesi is an infaunal species inhabiting unconsolidated marine sediments, including fine sand, muddy sand and mixed soft bottoms, from the shallow sublittoral to depths exceeding 100 m (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001; Gofas et al., 2011). Living individuals are rarely encountered, and most records are based on specimens recovered through sediment sampling (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). The diet of P. hoernesi has not been documented, and its feeding preferences remain unknown (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). Its reproductive biology has not been studied. No information is available on spawning, egg masses, embryonic development, larval stages or reproductive behaviour (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). Likewise, no studies have described its behaviour or life history under natural conditions.

Etymology

  • Pyrunculus, from Greek “pyrus”, pear and “con{unculus}”, diminutive suffix. Small and pear shaped.
  • Hoernesi, in honor of the Austrian palaeontologist and mineralogist Dr. Moritz Hörnes (1815-1868), father of the palaeontologist Prof. Dr. Rudolf Hörnes (1850-1912), who published “Die Gasteropoden der Meeresablagerungen der ersten und zweiten Miocanen Mediterran-Stufe in der osterreicheische-ungarischen Monarchie…”.

Distribution
Pyrunculus hoernesi has been recorded from both the western and eastern Mediterranean Sea and the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). In the Atlantic, confirmed records include the Atlantic coasts of the Iberian Peninsula, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Norway (Bouchet, 1975; Moro et al., 2009; Gofas et al., 2011). The species has been reported from shallow sublittoral habitats to depths exceeding 100 m (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001; Gofas et al., 2011).

Known georeferenced records of the species: Pyrunculus hoernesi
Sources:
OBIS
GROC 2010-2011
Enric Madrenas
João Pedro Silva
Bernard Picton
GBIF
OPK
VIMAR
Manuel Ballesteros
M@re Nostrum
Altres fonts
Marine Regions

Abundance

Western Mediterranean: ★☆☆☆☆
Eastern Mediterranean: ★☆☆☆☆
Atlantic Ocean: ★☆☆☆☆
Month

This chart displays the monthly observation probability for Pyrunculus hoernesi based on our own records.

Videos

More pictures

Pyrunculus hoernesii @ La Goulette, Tunisia 23.02.2010
Pyrunculus hoernesi @ Granada July 2026 by Luis Sánchez Tocino

Bibliography

    1246567 Pyrunculus hoernesi 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 34265 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Further reading

Cite this article as:

Pontes, Miquel (2025) "Pyrunculus hoernesi" in OPK-Opistobranquis. Published: 12/06/2022. Accessed: 27/07/2026. Available at (https://opistobranquis.info/en/?p=34265)