The aeolidaceans differ from other nudibranchs by their sleek body and the presence of groups of papillae, called cerata, on the back and sides of the body. Aeolidaceans are usually colorful, specially on the dorsal papillae. The head has, on the front, the oral tentacles, long and thin, and the rhinophores on the top, which can be smooth or have lamellae or warts.
Nemesignis banyulensis by Enric Madrenas
The digestive gland is highly branched and its branches, in the form of hollow conduit, enter inside of each cerata. In many species, the end of the digestive gland on each cerata expands, forming a spherical small bag called cnidosac that is communicated with the outside through a pore, the cnidopore, located on the tip of the cerata. They breath through the skin (cutaneous respiration) because they lack gills, so they use the cerata for gas exchange. Radula is narrow, with a row of teeth (monoseriate radula) or 3 teeth in each row (triseriate radula); generally a pair of chitinous jaws are found in the anterior part of the buccal bulb. Genital and anal orifices are located to the right of the body. The foot may differentiate, in its anterior zone, a pair of propodial palps, shaped short and triangular. Aeolidaceans prey mainly on Cnidarians: polyps of hydrozoans, jellyfish and anemones. This specialization provides these nudibranchs food as well as a defense mechanism of great biological interest because they are able to use for self-defense the stinging capsules (or cnidocysts) from their prey. For still unknown reasons, these cnidocysts are not triggered nor digested by the digestive juices of nudibranch, so they pass through the ramifications of the digestive gland until they reach the cnidosacs on the tip of the cerata, where they are stored. These cnidocysts can be expelled to the outside by contact with the potential predator, they are triggered and perform their defensive action. Some species have specialized in feeding on fish eggs, cirriped crustaceans or even other species of nudibranchs. The aeolidaceans are usually found on hydroid colonies, often the same species that serves them as food, and tend to lay their spawn there as well, usually in the form of a ribbon wrapped in various ways. At other times they can be found below stones, near anemones, even at very shallow depths, or can be found wandering on the rock walls abundant with algae and invertebrates.
Aeolidaceans were classified in the Parvorder Aeolidida that contained three Superfamilies Aeolidioidea, Fionoidea and Flabellinoidea. Bouchet et al.(2017) propose to discard this Parvorder classification in the Cladobranchia, so the mentioned Superfamilies become sisters of other Cladobranchia Superfamilies, like Arminoidea or Dendronotoidea, that were formerly contained in their own Parvorders.
Classification
The taxonomy of Aeolidaceans proposed by Bouchet et al. (2017) and accepted by WoRMS is:
- Superfamily Aeolidioidea Gray, 1827
- Family Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827
- Genus Aeolidia Cuvier, 1798
- Genus Aeolidiella Bergh, 1867
- Genus Anteaeolidiella M. C. Miller, 2001
- Genus Baeolidia Bergh, 1888
- Genus Berghia Trinchese, 1877
- Genus Bulbaeolidia Carmona, Pola, Gosliner & Cervera, 2013
- Genus Cerberilla Bergh, 1873
- Genus Limenandra Haefelfinger & Stamm, 1958
- Genus Spurilla Bergh, 1864
- Genus Zeusia Korshunova, Zimina & Martynov, 2017
- Family Babakinidae Roller, 1973
- Genus Babakina Roller, 1973
- Family Facelinidae Bergh, 1889
- Genus Adfacelina Millen & Hermosillo, 2012
- Genus Algarvia Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1990
- Genus Amanda Macnae, 1954
- Genus Anetarca Gosliner, 1991
- Genus Antonietta Schmekel, 1966
- Genus Austraeolis Burn, 1962
- Genus Bajaeolis Gosliner & Behrens, 1986
- Genus Burnaia M. C. Miller, 2001
- Genus Caloria Trinchese, 1888
- Genus Cratena Bergh, 1864
- Genus Echinopsole Macnae, 1954
- Genus Emarcusia Roller, 1972
- Genus Facelina Alder & Hancock, 1855
- Genus Facelinopsis Pruvot-Fol, 1954
- Genus Dicata Schmekel, 1967
- Genus Favorinus Gray, 1850
- Genus Hermosita Gosliner & Behrens, 1986
- Genus Herviella Baba, 1949
- Genus Jason M. C. Miller, 1974
- Genus Learchis Bergh, 1896
- Genus Moridilla Bergh, 1888
- Genus Noumeaella Risbec, 1937
- Genus Palisa Edmunds, 1964
- Genus Pauleo Millen & Hamann, 1992
- Genus Phidiana Gray, 1850
- Genus Pruvotfolia J. Tardy, 1970
- Genus Pteraeolidia Bergh, 1875
- Genus Sakuraeolis Baba, 1965
- Genus Setoeolis Baba & Hamatani, 1965
- Family Myrrhinidae Bergh, 1905
- Genus Godiva Macnae, 1954
- Genus Hermissenda Bergh, 1879
- Genus Nanuca Er. Marcus, 1957
- Genus Nemesignis Furfaro & Mariottini, 2021
- Genus Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg, 1831
- Family Flabellinopsidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, Saito, Lundin, Schrödl & Picton, 2017
- Genus Baenopsis Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, Saito, Lundin, Schrödl & Picton, 2017
- Genus Flabellinopsis MacFarland, 1966
- Family Glaucidae Gray, 1827
- Genus Glaucus Forster, 1777
- Family Notaeolidiidae Eliot, 1910
- Genus Notaeolidia Eliot, 1905
- Family Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970
- Genus Piseinotecus Er. Marcus, 1955
- Family Pleurolidiidae Burn, 1966
- Genus Pleurolidia Burn, 1966
- Genus Protaeolidiella Baba, 1955
Aeolidacean species recorded in the Mediterranean Sea or around the Iberian Peninsula:
Bibliography
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Bouchet P, Rocroi JP, Hausdorf B, et al. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1–2):1–526.
Bibliography based on the works by Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 and Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, with later updates from other resources.
