Acochlidiimorpha

This is a small group of Heterobranchs comprising about 30 species worldwide and living in the interstitial marine or freshwater medium. They have been very poorly studied, they are very small and have a somewhat aberrant body morphology for being molluscs. They have adapted to live and move between the sediment particles.

Acochlidium fijiiensis Haynes & Kenchington, 1991
http://www.wikipedia.org

They have an elongated body, with no shell when adults, and a mantle that usually has numerous spicules. They have no gills nor mantle cavity and the head has oral tentacles and rhinophores. Generally the sexes are separated. They possibly feed on microorganisms that live in the interstitial medium.

Traditionally considered a peculiar group of opisthobranchs, recent works by Jorger et al. (2010) and Schrödl et al. (2011) tend to classify them closer to pulmonate gastropods within the clade Panpulmonata.

The taxonomy of Acochlidiimorpha according to recent work by Bouchet et al. (2017) is:

• Superorder Acochlidiimorpha
  • Superfamily Acochlidioidea Küthe, 1935
    • Family Acochlidiidae Küthe, 1935
      • Genus Acochlidium Strubell, 1892
      • Genus Palliohedyla Rankin, 1979
      • Genus Palliohedyle Rankin, 1979
      • Genus Strubellia Odhner, 1937
    • Family Aitengidae Swennen & Buatip, 2009
      • Genus Aiteng Swennen & Buatip, 2009
    • Family Bathyhedylidae Neusser, Jörger, Lodde-Bensch, Strong & Schrödl, 2016
      • Genus Bathyhedyle Neusser, Jörger, Lodde-Bensch, Strong & Schrödl, 2016
    • Family Hedylopsidae Odhner, 1952
      • Genus Hedylopsis Thiele, 1931
    • Family Pseudunelidae Rankin, 1979
      • Genus Pseudunela Salvini-Plawen, 1973
    • Family Tantulidae Rankin, 1979
      • Genus Tantulum Rankin, 1979
  • Superfamily Parhedyloidea Thiele, 1931
    • Family Asperspinidae Rankin, 1979
      • Genus Asperspina Rankin, 1979
      • Genus Minicheviella Starobogatov, 1983
    • Family Parhedylidae Thiele, 1931
      • Genus Microhedyle Hertling, 1930
      • Genus Parhedyle Thiele, 1931
      • Genus Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov, 1972

Pontohedyle milaschewitchii (Kowalevsky, 1901)
A) Schema of a typical specimen in dorsal view (dg: digestive gland; ey: eyes; lt: labial tentacle; sp1 & sp2: spicules; vs: visceral sac)
B, C) Pictures showing living specimen. (Jorger et al, 2008)

In the Mediterranean and around the Iberian Peninsula the following species have been reported:

Asperspina loricata	Hedylopsis spiculifera
Microhedyle glandulifera	Pontohedyle milaschewitchii

Bibliography

1246567 Acochlidiimorpha 1 entomological-society-of-america 50 creator asc 1 6333 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%226KQRBXMG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bouchet%20and%20Rocroi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBouchet%20P%2C%20Rocroi%20JP.%202005.%20Classification%20and%20nomenclator%20of%20gastropod%20families.%20Malacologia.%2047%281%26%23x2013%3B2%29%3A1%26%23x2013%3B397.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Classification%20and%20nomenclator%20of%20gastropod%20families%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouchet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rocroi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%2C%2222WZ5MYR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-15T11%3A56%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WR37PFVC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bouchet%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBouchet%20P%2C%20Rocroi%20JP%2C%20Hausdorf%20B%2C%20et%20al.%202017.%20Revised%20classification%2C%20nomenclator%20and%20typification%20of%20gastropod%20and%20monoplacophoran%20families.%20Malacologia.%2061%281%26%23x2013%3B2%29%3A1%26%23x2013%3B526.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Revised%20classification%2C%20nomenclator%20and%20typification%20of%20gastropod%20and%20monoplacophoran%20families%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouchet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rocroi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hausdorf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22N%5Cu00fctzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parkhaev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strong%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%222%2C604%20names%20at%20the%20rank%20of%20subtribe%2C%20tribe%2C%20subfamily%2C%20family%20and%20superfamily%20have%20been%20proposed%20for%20Recent%20and%20fossil%20gastropods%2C%20and%20another%2035%20for%20monoplacophorans.%20All%20names%20are%20listed%20in%20a%20nomenclator%20giving%20full%20bibliographical%20reference%2C%20date%20of%20publication%2C%20typification%2C%20and%20their%20nomenclatural%20availability%20and%20validity%20under%20the%20International%20Code%20of%20Zoological%20Nomenclature.%20Another%20790%20names%2C%20established%20for%20categories%20above%20the%20familygroup%20%28infraorder%20to%20subclass%29%20are%20listed%20separately.%20A%20fully%20ranked%2C%20hierarchical%20classification%20summarizes%20recent%20advances%20in%20the%20phylogeny%20of%20the%20Gastropoda%20and%20Monoplacophora.%20In%20all%2C%20the%20classification%20recognizes%20as%20valid%20a%20total%20of%20721%20gastropod%20families%2C%20of%20which%20245%20are%20known%20exclusively%20as%20fossils%20and%20476%20occur%20in%20the%20Recent%20with%20or%20without%20a%20fossil%20record%3B%20and%2020%20monoplacophoran%20families%2C%20of%20which%201%20only%20occurs%20as%20Recent.%20Nomenclatural%20acts%20in%20this%20work%3A%20Amberleya%20bathonica%20Cox%20%26%20Arkell%2C%201950%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Amberleya%20J.%20Morris%20%26%20Lycett%2C%201851%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Ampezzopleura%20tenuis%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%201998%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Ampezzopleura%20Bandel%2C%201991%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Proserpina%20nitida%20G.%20B.%20Sowerby%20II%2C%201839%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Despoena%20Newton%2C%201891%3B%20Buccinum%20glabratum%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Dipsaccus%20H.%20Adams%20%26%20A.%20Adams%2C%201853%3B%20Murex%20ficus%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Ficula%20Swainson%2C%201835%3B%20Oncomelania%20hupensis%20Gredler%2C%201881%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Hemibia%20Heude%2C%201890%3B%20Murex%20metaxa%20Delle%20Chiaje%2C%201828%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Metaxia%20Monterosato%2C%201884%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Neridomus%20anglicus%20Cox%20%26%20Arkell%2C%201950%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Neridomus%20J.%20Morris%20%26%20Lycett%2C%201851%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Navicella%20clypeolum%20R%5Cu00e9cluz%2C%201843%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Orthopoma%20Gray%2C%201868%3B%20Trochus%20viadrinus%20M.%20Schmidt%2C%201905%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Parataphrus%20Chavan%2C%201954%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Helix%20pomatia%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Pentataenia%20A.%20Schmidt%2C%201855%3B%20Flammulina%20ponsonbyi%20Suter%2C%201897%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Phenacohelix%20Suter%2C%201892%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Cyrtolites%20corniculum%20Eichwald%2C%201860%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Pollicina%20Koken%2C%201895%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Purpurina%20elegantula%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20designated%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Purpurina%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20and%20lectotype%20of%20Turbo%20bellona%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20designated%20as%20neotype%20of%20Purpurina%20elegantula%3B%20Pyramidella%20minuscula%20Monterosato%2C%201880%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Tiberia%20Jeffreys%2C%201884%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Cyclostoma%20delicatum%20Philippi%2C%201844%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Trachysma%20G.%20O.%20Sars%2C%201878%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Helix%20elegans%20Gmelin%2C%201791%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Trochoidea%20T.%20Brown%2C%201827%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Turritellopsis%20stimpsoni%20Dall%2C%201919%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Turritellopsis%20G.%20O.%20Sars%2C%201878%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Fusus%20averillii%20Gabb%2C%201864%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Volutoderma%20Gabb%2C%201876%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Voluta%20pepo%20Lightfoot%2C%201786%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Yetus%20Bowdich%2C%201822.%20Curnonidae%20d%5Cu2019Udekem%20d%5Cu2019Acoz%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20and%20Curnon%20d%5Cu2019Udekem%20d%5Cu2019Acoz%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20are%20established%20for%20Charcotiidae%20Odhner%2C%201926%2C%20and%20Charcotia%20Vayssi%5Cu00e8re%2C%201906%2C%20%28between%2027%20March%20and%201%20May%29%2C%20non%20Charcotia%20Chevreux%2C%201906%20%28January%29%20%5BAmphipoda%5D%3B%20Yuopisthonematidae%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20and%20Yuopisthonema%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20are%20established%20for%20Opisthonematidae%20Yu%2C%201976%2C%20and%20Opisthonema%20Yu%2C%201974%2C%20non%20Gill%2C%201862%20%5BPisces%5D.%20The%20new%20family-group%20name%20Burnupiidae%20Albrecht%20is%20established%20in%20this%20work%3B%20and%20the%20names%20Scolodontina%20and%20Orthalicoidei%20are%20first%20used%20here%20to%20denote%2C%20respectively%2C%20a%20suborder%20containing%20the%20family%20Scolodontidae%2C%20and%20an%20infraorder%20containing%20the%20superfamily%20Orthalicoidea.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%2C%2222WZ5MYR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-15T11%3A57%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JQX2MMV4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brenzinger%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBrenzinger%20B%2C%20Neusser%20TP%2C%20J%26%23xF6%3Brger%20KM%2C%20et%20al.%202011.%20Integrating%203D%20microanatomy%20and%20molecules%3A%20natural%20history%20of%20the%20Pacific%20freshwater%20slug%20Strubellia%20Odhner%2C%201937%20%28Heterobranchia%3A%20Acochlidia%29%2C%20with%20description%20of%20a%20new%20species.%20Journal%20of%20Molluscan%20Studies%2077%284%29%3A%20351-374.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Integrating%203D%20microanatomy%20and%20molecules%3A%20natural%20history%20of%20the%20Pacific%20freshwater%20slug%20Strubellia%20Odhner%2C%201937%20%28Heterobranchia%3A%20Acochlidia%29%2C%20with%20description%20of%20a%20new%20species%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brenzinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A54%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HM8AG4CQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cervera%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECervera%20JL%2C%20Calado%20G%2C%20Gavaia%20C%2C%20et%20al.%202004.%20An%20annotated%20and%20updated%20checklist%20of%20the%20opisthobranchs%20%28Mollusca%3A%20Gastropoda%29%20from%20Spain%20and%20Portugal%20%28including%20islands%20and%20archipelagos%29.%20Bolet%26%23xED%3Bn%20Instituto%20Espa%26%23xF1%3Bol%20de%20Oceanograf%26%23xED%3Ba%2C%2020%20%281-4%29%3A%201-111.%20L.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22An%20annotated%20and%20updated%20checklist%20of%20the%20opisthobranchs%20%28Mollusca%3A%20Gastropoda%29%20from%20Spain%20and%20Portugal%20%28including%20islands%20and%20archipelagos%29.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cervera%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calado%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gavaia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.A.E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaqu%5Cu00edas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Templado%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ballesteros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garc%5Cu00eda-G%5Cu00f3mez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Megina%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20present%20publication%20is%20a%20new%20annotated%20and%20updated%20checklist%20of%20the%20opisthobranchs%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%29%20from%20the%20Spanish%20and%20Portuguese%20coasts%2C%20including%20their%20Atlantic%20archipelagos%20%28Azores%2C%20Madeira%2C%20Selvagens%20and%20Canary%20Islands%29.%20The%20bathyal%20species%20recorded%20from%20the%20continental%20shelf%20of%20all%20these%20areas%20are%20also%20included.%20Incorporating%20a%20review%20of%20the%20literature%2C%20523%20species%20are%20included%20on%20the%20present%20checklist%2C%2023%20belonging%20to%20Architectibranchia%2C%20111%20to%20Cephalaspidea%20s.%20s.%2C%2014%20to%20Anaspidea%2C%204%20to%20Acochlidiomorpha%2C%2037%20to%20Thecosomata%2C%207%20to%20Gymnosomata%2C%2043%20to%20Sacoglossa%2C%203%20to%20Umbraculoidea%2C%2016%20to%20Pleurobranchoidea%20and%20265%20to%20Nudibranchia%3A%20127%20Doridoidea%2C%2042%20Dendronotoidea%2C%209%20Arminoidea%2C%20and%2087%20Aeolidoidea.%20The%20records%20these%20species%20have%20been%20divided%20into%2012%20geographic%20sectors%3A%201%29%20Spanish%20coast%20on%20the%20Bay%20of%20Biscay%3B%202%29%20Galicia%3B%203%29%20mainland%20coast%20of%20Portugal%3B%204%29%20Andalusian%20Atlantic%20coast%3B%205%29%20Straits%20of%20Gibraltar%2C%20including%20Ceuta%20%28northern%20Africa%29%3B%206%29%20Andalusian%20Mediterranean%20coast%2C%20including%20Albor%5Cu00e1n%20Island%3B%207%29%20Spanish%20Levant%2C%20from%20Cape%20Gata%20to%20Catalonia%3B%208%29%20Catalonia%2C%20including%20the%20Columbretes%20Islands%3B%209%29%20Balearic%20Islands%3B%2010%29%20Canary%20and%20Selvagens%20Islands%3B%2011%29%20Madeira%3B%20and%2012%29%20the%20Azores.%20The%20biogeographical%20relationships%20among%20these%20selected%20areas%20are%20discussed%20in%20the%20present%20paper%5Cu2019s%20Conclusions.%20Taxonomic%20comments%20about%20many%20of%20the%20taxa%20cited%20are%20also%20included.%20It%20is%20noteworthy%20that%20since%201975%2C%20a%20total%20of%20117%20specific%20taxa%20have%20been%20described%20as%20new%20to%20science%20in%20the%20studied%20area.%20Some%20of%20them%20are%20currently%20considered%20synonyms%2C%20and%20others%20are%20pending%20an%20adequate%20revision.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-12-10T14%3A45%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZH723MR3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Garcia%20and%20Bertsch%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGarcia%20FJ%2C%20Bertsch%20H.%202009.%20Diversity%20and%20distribution%20of%20the%20Gastropoda%20Opisthobranchia%20from%20the%20Atlantic%20Ocean%3A%20A%20global%20biogeographic%20approach.%20Scientia%20Marina.%2073%281%29%3A153%26%23x2013%3B160.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3989%5C%2Fscimar.2009.73n1153%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3989%5C%2Fscimar.2009.73n1153%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Diversity%20and%20distribution%20of%20the%20Gastropoda%20Opisthobranchia%20from%20the%20Atlantic%20Ocean%3A%20A%20global%20biogeographic%20approach%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francisco%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garcia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertsch%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20zoogeographic%20Study%20of%20the%20Opisthobranchia%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%29%20from%20the%20Atlantic%20Ocean%20was%20carried%20Out.%20Data%20on%20Opisthobranch%20Occurrence%20were%20collated%20from%20literature%20records%20and%20databases.%20An%20estimated%201066%20species%20were%20considered%20for%20this%20Study%2C%20which%20belonged%20to%20the%20orders%20Cephalaspidea%2C%20Anaspidea%2C%20Sacoglossa%2C%20Notaspidea%20and%20Nudi-branchia.%20Biogeographical%20patterns%20were%20analysed%20using%20Cluster%20analysis%20%28TWINSPAN%29%20and%20ordination%20MDS%20%28non-metric%20multidimensional%20scaling%20program%29.%20The%20richness%20of%20opisthobranchs%20increases%20from%20polar%20to%20tropical%20regions%20along%20Atlantic%20shores.%20The%20cluster%20analysis%20showed%20that%20there%20is%20a%20latitudinal%20and%20longitudinal%20separation%20of%20the%20biogeographical%20areas.%20The%20amphiatlantic%20species%20can%20be%20separated%20into%20four%20groups%20according%20to%20their%20distribution%3A%20G1.1.-%20the%20geographic%20range%20of%20species%20is%20limited%20to%20cold%20water%20on%20both%20sides%20of%20the%20Atlantic%3B%20G1.2.-%20species%20with%20geographic%20ranges%20limited%20to%20the%20western%20Arctic%20and%20Boreal%20regions%20with%20a%20wide%20distribution%20in%20the%20eastern%20Atlantic%2C%20front%20the%20eastern%20Arctic%20or%20the%20eastern%20Boreal%20region%20to%20the%20Lusitanian%20and%20Mediterranean%20provinces%3B%20G2.1.-%20species%20with%20geographic%20ranges%2C%20limited%20to%20the%20Caribbean%20and%20Mauritanian-Senegalese%20areas%3B%20G2.2.-%20species%20with%20a%20wide%20geographical%20distribution%20along%20both%20Atlantic%20shores.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3989%5C%2Fscimar.2009.73n1153%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220214-8358%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3CGo%20to%20ISI%3E%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000264276900013%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-12-10T14%3A44%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QBKRQGFK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hadl%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221970%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EHadl%20G%2C%20Kothbauer%20H%2C%20Peter%20R%2C%20et%20al.%201970.%20Substratwahlversuche%20mit%20Microhedyle%20milaschewitchii%20Kowalevsky%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Opisthobranchia%3A%20Acochlidiacea%29.%20Oecologia%20%28Berl%29%204%281%29%3A%2074-82%3B%202%20text%20figs.%20Oecologia.%204%281%29%3A74-.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fbf00390614%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fbf00390614%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Substratwahlversuche%20mit%20Microhedyle%20milaschewitchii%20Kowalevsky%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Opisthobranchia%3A%20Acochlidiacea%29.%20Oecologia%20%28Berl%29%204%281%29%3A%2074-82%3B%202%20text%20figs.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hadl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kothbauer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wawra%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221970%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fbf00390614%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220029-8549%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A46%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XSPTP7MG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJ%26%23xF6%3Brger%20KM%2C%20Hess%20M%2C%20Neusser%20TP%2C%20et%20al.%202009.%20Sex%20in%20the%20beach%3A%20spermatophores%2C%20dermal%20insemination%20and%203D%20sperm%20ultrastructure%20of%20the%20aphallic%20mesopsammic%20Pontohedyle%20milaschewitchii%20%28Acochlidia%2C%20Opisthobranchia%2C%20Gastropoda%29.%20Marine%20Biology.%20156%286%29%3A1159%26%23x2013%3B1170.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00227-009-1158-5%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00227-009-1158-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sex%20in%20the%20beach%3A%20spermatophores%2C%20dermal%20insemination%20and%203D%20sperm%20ultrastructure%20of%20the%20aphallic%20mesopsammic%20Pontohedyle%20milaschewitchii%20%28Acochlidia%2C%20Opisthobranchia%2C%20Gastropoda%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hess%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Sperm%20transfer%20via%20spermatophores%20is%20common%20among%20organisms%20living%20in%20mesopsammic%20environments%2C%20and%20is%20generally%20considered%20to%20be%20an%20evolutionary%20adaptation%20to%20reproductive%20constraints%20in%20this%20habitat.%20However%2C%20conclusions%20about%20adaptations%20and%20trends%20in%20insemination%20across%20all%20interstitial%20taxa%20cannot%20be%20certain%20as%20differences%20in%20mode%20of%20insemination%20via%20spermatophores%20do%20exist%2C%20details%20of%20insemination%20are%20lacking%20for%20many%20species%2C%20and%20evolutionary%20relationships%20in%20many%20cases%20are%20poorly%20known.%20Opisthobranch%20gastropods%20typically%20transfer%20sperm%20via%20reciprocal%20copulation%2C%20but%20many%20mesopsammic%20Acochlidia%20are%20aphallic%20and%20transfer%20sperm%20via%20spermatophores%2C%20supposedly%20combined%20with%20dermal%20fertilisation.%20The%20present%20study%20investigates%20structural%20and%20functional%20aspects%20of%20sperm%20transfer%20in%20the%20Mediterranean%20microhedylacean%20acochlid%20Pontohedyle%20milaschewitchii.%20We%20show%20that%20spermatophore%20attachment%20is%20imprecise.%20We%20describe%20the%20histology%20and%20ultrastructure%20of%20the%20two-layered%20spermatophore%20and%20discuss%20possible%20functions.%20Using%20DAPI%20staining%20of%20the%20%28sperm-%29%20nuclei%2C%20we%20document%20true%20dermal%20insemination%20in%20situ%20under%20the%20fluorescence%20microscope.%20Ultrastructural%20investigation%20and%20computer-based%203D%20reconstruction%20from%20TEM%20sections%20visualise%20the%20entire%20spermatozoon%20including%20the%20exceptionally%20elongate%2C%20screw-like%20keeled%20sperm%20nucleus.%20An%20acrosomal%20complex%20was%20not%20detected.%20From%20their%20special%20structure%20and%20behaviour%20we%20conclude%20that%20sperm%20penetrate%20epithelia%2C%20tissues%20and%20cells%20mechanically%20by%20drilling%20rather%20than%20lysis.%20Among%20opisthobranchs%2C%20dermal%20insemination%20is%20limited%20to%20mesopsammic%20acochlidian%20species.%20In%20this%20spatially%20limited%20environment%2C%20a%20rapid%20though%20imprecise%20and%20potentially%20harmful%20dermal%20insemination%20is%20discussed%20as%20a%20key%20evolutionary%20innovation%20that%20could%20have%20enabled%20the%20species%20diversification%20of%20microhedylacean%20acochlidians.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00227-009-1158-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220025-3162%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3CGo%20to%20ISI%3E%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000264873800006%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F10.1007%252Fs00227-009-1158-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A50%3A12Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DKM7QH7N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJ%26%23xF6%3Brger%20KM%2C%20Kristof%20A%2C%20Klussmann-Kolb%20A%2C%20et%20al.%202008.%20Keeping%20Nerves%3A%20Central%20Nervous%20System%20of%20the%20Interstitial%20Acochlidiid%20Parhedyle%20cryptophthalma%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Opisthobranchia%29.%20Journal%20of%20Morphology.%20269%2812%29%3A1484%26%23x2013%3B1484.%20Available%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000261623800149%27%3E%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000261623800149%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Keeping%20Nerves%3A%20Central%20Nervous%20System%20of%20the%20Interstitial%20Acochlidiid%20Parhedyle%20cryptophthalma%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Opisthobranchia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristof%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klussmann-Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220362-2525%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000261623800149%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A50%3A31Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HGKZ2QJG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJ%26%23xF6%3Brger%20KM%2C%20St%26%23xF6%3Bger%20I%2C%20Kano%20Y%2C%20et%20al.%202010.%20On%20the%20origin%20of%20Acochlidia%20and%20other%20enigmatic%20euthyneuran%20gastropods%2C%20with%20implications%20for%20the%20systematics%20of%20Heterobranchia.%20BMC%20Evolutionary%20Biology.%2010%28DOI%3A%2010.1186%5C%2F1471-2148-10-323%29.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22On%20the%20origin%20of%20Acochlidia%20and%20other%20enigmatic%20euthyneuran%20gastropods%2C%20with%20implications%20for%20the%20systematics%20of%20Heterobranchia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isabella%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22St%5Cu00f6ger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yasunori%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hiroshi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fukuda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Knebelsberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%3A%20A%20robust%20phylogenetic%20hypothesis%20of%20euthyneuran%20gastropods%2C%20as%20a%20basis%20to%20reconstructing%20their%20evolutionary%20history%2C%20is%20still%20hindered%20by%20several%20groups%20of%20aberrant%2C%20more%20or%20less%20worm-like%20slugs%20with%20unclear%20phylogenetic%20relationships.%20As%20a%20traditional%20%5Cu201corder%5Cu201d%20in%20the%20Opisthobranchia%2C%20the%20Acochlidia%20have%20a%20long%20history%20of%20controversial%20placements%2C%20among%20others%20influenced%20by%20convergent%20adaptation%20to%20the%20mainly%20meiofaunal%20habitats.%20The%20present%20study%20includes%20six%20out%20of%20seven%20acochlidian%20families%20in%20a%20comprehensive%20euthyneuran%20taxon%20sampling%20with%20special%20focus%20on%20minute%2C%20aberrant%20slugs.%20Since%20there%20is%20no%20fossil%20record%20of%20tiny%2C%20shell-less%20gastropods%2C%20a%20molecular%20clock%20was%20used%20to%20estimate%20divergence%20times%20within%20Euthyneura.%20Results%3A%20Our%20multi-locus%20molecular%20study%20confirms%20Acochlidia%20in%20a%20pulmonate%20relationship%2C%20as%20sister%20to%20Eupulmonata.%20Previous%20hypotheses%20of%20opisthobranch%20relations%2C%20or%20of%20a%20common%20origin%20with%20other%20meiofaunal%20Euthyneura%2C%20are%20clearly%20rejected.%20The%20enigmatic%20amphibious%20and%20insectivorous%20Aitengidae%20incerta%20sedis%20clusters%20within%20Acochlidia%2C%20as%20sister%20to%20meiofaunal%20and%20brackish%20Pseudunelidae%20and%20limnic%20Acochlidiidae.%20Euthyneura%2C%20Opisthobranchia%20and%20Pulmonata%20as%20traditionally%20defined%20are%20non-monophyletic.%20A%20relaxed%20molecular%20clock%20approach%20indicates%20a%20late%20Palaeozoic%20diversification%20of%20Euthyneura%20and%20a%20Mesozoic%20origin%20of%20the%20major%20euthyneuran%20diversity%2C%20including%20Acochlidia.%20Conclusions%3A%20The%20present%20study%20shows%20that%20the%20inclusion%20of%20small%2C%20enigmatic%20groups%20is%20necessary%20to%20solve%20deeplevel%20phylogenetic%20relationships%2C%20and%20underlines%20that%20%5Cu201cpulmonate%5Cu201d%20and%20%5Cu201copisthobranch%5Cu201d%20phylogeny%2C%20respectively%2C%20cannot%20be%20solved%20independently%20from%20each%20other.%20Our%20phylogenetic%20hypothesis%20requires%20reinvestigation%20of%20the%20traditional%20classification%20of%20Euthyneura%3A%20morphological%20synapomorphies%20of%20the%20traditionally%20defined%20Pulmonata%20and%20Opisthobranchia%20are%20evaluated%20in%20light%20of%20the%20presented%20phylogeny%2C%20and%20a%20redefinition%20of%20major%20groups%20is%20proposed.%20It%20is%20demonstrated%20that%20the%20invasion%20of%20the%20meiofaunal%20habitat%20has%20occurred%20several%20times%20independently%20in%20various%20euthyneuran%20taxa%2C%20leading%20to%20convergent%20adaptations%20previously%20misinterpreted%20as%20synapomorphies.%20The%20inclusion%20of%20Acochlidia%20extends%20the%20structural%20and%20biological%20diversity%20in%20pulmonates%2C%20presenting%20a%20remarkable%20flexibility%20concerning%20habitat%20choice.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A50%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225MFDPG8V%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McDonald%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcDonald%20G.%202009.%20Bibliographia%20Nudibranchia.%202nd%20Online%20Edition%2C%20Annotated.%201072%20pp%26%23xA0%3B%20Institute%20of%20Marine%20Sciences%2C%20University%20of%20California%2C%20Santa%20Cruz.%20Available%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fescholarship.org%5C%2Fuc%5C%2Fitem%5C%2F8115h0wz%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fescholarship.org%5C%2Fuc%5C%2Fitem%5C%2F8115h0wz%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bibliographia%20Nudibranchia.%202nd%20Online%20Edition%2C%20Annotated.%201072%20pp%20%20Institute%20of%20Marine%20Sciences%2C%20University%20of%20California%2C%20Santa%20Cruz%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McDonald%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fescholarship.org%5C%2Fuc%5C%2Fitem%5C%2F8115h0wz%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-12-06T09%3A01%3A43Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227DF2DZAQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Neusser%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENeusser%20M%20TP%3B%20J%26%23xF6%3Brger%2C%20KM%3B%20Schr%26%23xF6%3Bdl.%202011.%20Cryptic%20species%20in%20tropic%20sands%20-%20Interactive%203D%20anatomy%2C%20molecular%20phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20meiofaunal%20Pseudunelidae%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Acochlidia%29.%20PLoS%20ONE%206%288%29%3A%20e23313.%20%5BNomenclaturally%20available%20from%20separate%20print-only%20edition%5D.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cryptic%20species%20in%20tropic%20sands%20-%20Interactive%203D%20anatomy%2C%20molecular%20phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20meiofaunal%20Pseudunelidae%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Acochlidia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%2C%20T.P.%3B%20J%5Cu00f6rger%2C%20K.M.%3B%20Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A54%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2294ZQE9I9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Neusser%20and%20Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENeusser%20TP%2C%20Schr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%20M.%202009.%20Between%20Vanuatu%20tides%3A%203D%20anatomical%20reconstruction%20of%20a%20new%20brackish%20water%20acochlidian%20gastropod%20from%20Espiritu%20Santo.%20Zoosystema%2031%283%29%3A%20453-469.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Between%20Vanuatu%20tides%3A%203D%20anatomical%20reconstruction%20of%20a%20new%20brackish%20water%20acochlidian%20gastropod%20from%20Espiritu%20Santo%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A53%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KPDIGB2X%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Neusser%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENeusser%20TP%2C%20Martynov%20AV%2C%20Schr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%20M.%202009.%20Heartless%20and%20primitive%3F%203D%20reconstruction%20of%20the%20polar%20acochlidian%20gastropod%20Asperspina%20murmanica.%20Acta%20Zoologica%2C%2090%283%29%3A%20228-245.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Heartless%20and%20primitive%3F%203D%20reconstruction%20of%20the%20polar%20acochlidian%20gastropod%20Asperspina%20murmanica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martynov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A51%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F6UEVC75%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Neusser%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ENeusser%20TP%2C%20Fukuda%20H%2C%20J%26%23xF6%3Brger%20KM%2C%20et%20al.%202011.%20Sacoglossa%20or%20Acochlidia%3F%203D%20Reconstruction%2C%20molecular%20phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20Aitengidae%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Heterobranchia%29.%20Journal%20of%20Molluscan%20Studies.%2077%3A332%26%23x2013%3B350.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fmollus%5C%2Feyr033%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fmollus%5C%2Feyr033%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sacoglossa%20or%20Acochlidia%3F%203D%20Reconstruction%2C%20molecular%20phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20Aitengidae%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Heterobranchia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fukuda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20amphibious%20%27bug-eating%20slug%27%20Aiteng%20ater%20Swennen%20%26%20Buatip%2C%202009%20shows%20a%20worm-like%2C%20compact%20body%20shape%20lacking%20any%20cephalic%20tentacles%20or%20body%20processes.%20Anatomically%20it%20has%20been%20described%20as%20showing%20an%20unusual%20mix%20of%20sacoglossan%20and%20acochlidian%20characters%2C%20thus%20the%20systematic%20affinities%20are%20uncertain.%20The%20species%20is%20redescribed%20here%20with%20an%20integrative%20microanatomical%20and%20molecular%20approach.%20All%20major%20organ%20systems%20were%20three-dimensionally%20reconstructed%20from%20serial%20histological%20sections%20using%20AMIRA%20software.%20Aiteng%20ater%20has%20a%20prepharyngeal%20nerve%20ring%20with%20separate%20cerebral%20and%20pleural%20ganglia%20rather%20than%20cerebro-pleural%20ganglia%2C%20and%20no%20sacoglossan-like%20ascus%20is%20detectable%20histologically.%20The%20radula%20is%20triseriate%20rather%20than%20uniseriate%2C%20showing%20one%20lateral%20tooth%20on%20each%20side%20of%20the%20rhachidian%20tooth.%20A%20well-developed%20two-chambered%20heart%20is%20present.%20The%20vas%20deferens%20in%20A.%20ater%20splits%20off%20distal%20to%20the%20female%20glands.%20The%20intestine%20is%20short%20and%20opens%20into%20a%20small%20mantle%20cavity.%20Long%20cavities%20in%20the%20connective%20tissue%20are%20remains%20of%20dissolved%20calcareous%20spicules.%20Only%20a%20few%20characters%20thus%20remain%20to%20support%20a%20closer%20relationship%20of%20A.%20ater%20to%20Sacoglossa%2C%20i.e.%20the%20Gascoignella-like%20body%20shape%20lacking%20cephalic%20tentacles%2C%20the%20presence%20of%20an%20elysiid-like%20system%20of%20dorsal%20vessels%2C%20and%20an%20albumen%20gland%20consisting%20of%20follicles.%20Additionally%20we%20describe%20in%20microanatomical%20detail%20an%20equally%20small%20and%20vermiform%20new%20aitengid%20species%20from%20Japan.%20Aiteng%20mysticus%20n.%20sp.%20differs%20from%20A.%20ater%20in%20habitat%2C%20body%20size%20and%20colour%2C%20central%20nervous%20system%20and%20presence%20of%20a%20kidney.%20Both%20aitengid%20species%20resemble%20acochlidians%20in%20the%20retractibility%20of%20the%20head%2C%20by%20possessing%20calcareous%20spicules%2C%20a%20prepharyngeal%20nerve%20ring%20with%20separated%20cerebral%20and%20pleural%20ganglia%2C%20a%20triseriate%20radula%20with%20an%20ascending%20and%20descending%20limb%2C%20but%20without%20sacoglossan-like%20ascus%2C%20and%20a%20special%20diaulic%20reproductive%20system.%20The%20prominent%20rhachidian%20tooth%20of%20Aitengidae%2C%20which%20is%20used%20to%20pierce%20insects%20and%20pupae%20in%20A.%20ater%2C%20and%20the%20large%2C%20laterally%20situated%20eyes%20closely%20resemble%20the%20anatomy%20of%20members%20of%20the%20limnic%20Acochlidiidae.%20The%20acochlidian%20nature%20of%20Aiteng%20is%20strongly%20indicated%20by%20our%20molecular%20analysis%2C%20in%20which%20it%20forms%20a%20basal%20hedylopsacean%20offshoot%20or%20the%20sister%20clade%20to%20limnic%20Acochlidiidae%20and%20brackish%20or%20marine%20Pseudunelidae%20within%20Hedylopsacea.%20Such%20a%20topology%20would%2C%20however%2C%20imply%20that%20Aitengidae%20have%20lost%20the%20most%20characteristic%20acochlidian%20apomorphy%2C%20the%20subdivision%20of%20the%20body%20into%20a%20headfoot%20complex%20and%20a%20free%2C%20elongated%20visceral%20hump.%20Also%2C%20the%20absence%20of%20cephalic%20tentacles%20gives%20the%20Aitengidae%20an%20appearance%20that%20is%20very%20different%20to%20other%2C%20strictly%20aquatic%20Acochlidia.%20Differences%20of%20the%20external%20morphology%20and%20the%20internal%20anatomy%20are%20discussed%20in%20the%20light%20of%20a%20habitat%20shift%20of%20Aitengidae%20within%20the%20Acochlidia.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fmollus%5C%2Feyr033%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220260-1230%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3CGo%20to%20ISI%3E%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000296627100003%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fmollus.oxfordjournals.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F77%5C%2F4%5C%2F332.full.pdf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A51%3A26Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZM4RKGNX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%20and%20Neusser%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%20M%2C%20Neusser%20TP.%202010.%20Towards%20a%20phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20Acochlidia%20%28Mollusca%3A%20Gastropoda%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29.%20Zoological%20Journal%20of%20the%20Linnean%20Society.%20158%281%29%3A124%26%23x2013%3B154.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2009.00544.x%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2009.00544.x%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Towards%20a%20phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20Acochlidia%20%28Mollusca%3A%20Gastropoda%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Acochlidia%20are%20unique%20among%20opisthobranch%20gastropods%20in%20combining%20extremely%20high%20morphological%20and%20ecological%20diversity%20with%20modest%20species%20diversity.%20The%20phylogeny%20of%20acochlidians%20has%20never%20been%20addressed%20by%20cladistic%20means%2C%20as%20their%20evolution%20has%20remained%20unknown.%20This%20study%20gives%20a%20first%20overview%20on%20more%20than%20150%20biological%20and%20morphological%20characters%20that%20are%20potentially%20useful%20for%20phylogenetic%20analysis.%20Based%20on%20107%20characters%2C%20a%20parsimony%20analysis%20%28PAUP%29%20was%20performed%20for%20all%2027%20valid%20acochlidian%20species%20together%20with%2011%20%28plus%20two%29%20outgroup%20taxa.%20The%20resulting%20strict%20consensus%20tree%20shows%20a%20moderate%20overall%20resolution%2C%20with%20at%20least%20some%20bootstrap%20support%20for%20most%20resolved%20nodes.%20The%20Acochlidia%20are%20clearly%20monophyletic%2C%20and%20originate%20from%20an%20unresolved%20basal%20opisthobranch%20level.%20The%20Acochlidia%20split%20into%20the%20Hedylopsacea%20%28Tantulum%20%28Hedylopsis%20%28Pseudunela%20%28Strubellia%20%28%27Acochlidium%27%2C%20%27Palliohedyle%27%29%29%29%29%29%20and%20Microhedylacea%20%28Asperspina%20%28Pontohedyle%2C%20%27Parhedyle%27%2C%20%27Microhedyle%27%2C%20%28Ganitus%2C%20Paraganitus%29%29%29.%20The%20formerly%20enigmatic%20Ganitidae%2C%20resembling%20sacoglossan%20opisthobranchs%20by%20having%20dagger-like%20rachidian%20radular%20teeth%2C%20are%20likely%20to%20be%20highly%20derived%20microhedylids.%20The%20paraphyly%20of%20some%20of%20the%20traditionally%20recognized%20family%20level%20taxa%20induced%20a%20preliminary%20reclassification.%20From%20the%20phylogenetic%20hypothesis%20obtained%2C%20we%20conclude%20that%20the%20acochlidian%20ancestor%20was%20marine%20mesopsammic.%20The%20colonization%20of%20limnic%20systems%20occurred%20twice%2C%20independently%3A%20first%20in%20the%20Caribbean%20%28with%20the%20development%20of%20the%20small%20interstitial%20Tantulum%20elegans%29%2C%20and%20second%20in%20the%20Indo-Pacific%2C%20with%20a%20radiation%20of%20large-sized%20benthic%20acochlidian%20species.%20The%20evolution%20of%20extraordinary%20reproductive%20features%2C%20such%20as%20hypodermic%20impregnation%20by%20a%20complex%20copulative%20aparatus%20in%20hedylopsaceans%2C%20cutaneous%20insemination%20via%20spermatophores%20in%20microhedylaceans%2C%20and%20gonochorism%20in%20Microhedylidae%20s.l.%20%28including%20Ganitidae%29%2C%20is%20discussed.%20%28C%29%202010%20The%20Linnean%20Society%20of%20London%2C%20Zoological%20Journal%20of%20the%20Linnean%20Society%2C%202010%2C%20158%2C%20124-154.%20doi%3A%2010.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2009.00544.x%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2009.00544.x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220024-4082%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000273733400006%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2009.00544.x%5C%2Fabstract%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2009.00544.x%5C%2Fabstract%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A53%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225AHUMBQ4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%20M%2C%20J%26%23xF6%3Brger%20KM%2C%20Neusser%20TP.%202008.%20Phylogeny%20and%20Evolution%20of%20Acochlidia%20%28Mollusca%3A%20Gastropoda%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%3A%20From%20Morphology%20to%20Sequences.%20Journal%20of%20Morphology.%20269%2812%29%3A1464%26%23x2013%3B1465.%20Available%20from%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20target%3D%27_blank%27%20href%3D%27%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000261623800048%27%3E%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000261623800048%3C%5C%2Fa%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phylogeny%20and%20Evolution%20of%20Acochlidia%20%28Mollusca%3A%20Gastropoda%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%3A%20From%20Morphology%20to%20Sequences%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220362-2525%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000261623800048%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A53%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PDWATR42%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%20M%2C%20J%26%23xF6%3Brger%20K%2C%20Klussmann-Kolb%20A%2C%20et%20al.%202011.%20Bye%20Bye%20%26%23x201C%3BOpisthobranchia%26%23x201D%3B%21%20a%20review%20on%20the%20contribution%20of%20mesopsammic%20sea%20slugs%20to%20euthyneuran%20systematics.%20Thalassas.%2027%282%29%3A101%26%23x2013%3B112.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bye%20Bye%20%5Cu201cOpisthobranchia%5Cu201d%21%20a%20review%20on%20the%20contribution%20of%20mesopsammic%20sea%20slugs%20to%20euthyneuran%20systematics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katharina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f6rger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klussmann-Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nerida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20the%20last%20decades%2C%20textbook%20concepts%20of%20%5Cu201cOpisthobranchia%5Cu201d%20have%20been%20challenged%20by%20morphology-based%20and%2C%20more%20recently%2C%20molecular%20studies.%20It%20is%20no%20longer%20clear%20if%20any%20precise%20distinctions%20can%20be%20made%20between%20major%20opisthobranch%20and%20pulmonate%20clades.%20Worm-shaped%2C%20mesopsammic%20taxa%20such%20as%20Acochlidia%2C%20Platyhedylidae%2C%20Philinoglossidae%20and%20Rhodopemorpha%20were%20especially%20problematic%20in%20any%20morphology-based%20system.%20Previous%20molecular%20phylogenetic%20studies%20contained%20a%20very%20limited%20sampling%20of%20minute%20and%20elusive%20meiofaunal%20slugs.%20Our%20recent%20multi-locus%20approaches%20of%20mitochondrial%20COI%20and%2016S%20rRNA%20genes%20and%20nuclear%2018S%20and%2028S%20rRNA%20genes%20%28%5Cu201cstandard%20markers%5Cu201d%29%20thus%20included%20representatives%20of%20most%20mesopsammic%20%5Cu201copisthobranchs%5Cu201d%20within%20a%20comprehensive%20euthyneuran%20taxon%20set.%20The%20present%20study%20combines%20our%20published%20and%20unpublished%20topologies%2C%20and%20indicates%20that%20monophyletic%20Rhodopemorpha%20cluster%20outside%20of%20Euthyneura%20among%20shelled%20basal%20heterobranchs%2C%20acteonids%20are%20the%20sister%20to%20rissoellids%2C%20and%20Nudipleura%20are%20the%20basal%20offshoot%20of%20Euthyneura.%20Furthermore%2C%20Pyramidellidae%2C%20Sacoglossa%20and%20Acochlidia%20cluster%20within%20paraphyletic%20Pulmonata%2C%20as%20sister%20to%20remaining%20%5Cu201copisthobranchs%5Cu201d.%20Worm-like%20mesopsammic%20heterobranch%20taxa%20have%20clear%20independent%20origins%20and%20thus%20their%20similarities%20are%20the%20result%20of%20convergent%20evolution.%20Classificatory%20and%20evolutionary%20implications%20from%20our%20tree%20hypothesis%20are%20quite%20dramatic%2C%20as%20shown%20by%20some%20examples%2C%20and%20need%20to%20be%20explored%20in%20more%20detail%20in%20future%20studies.%20We%20do%20not%20claim%20that%20these%20concatenated%20%5Cu201cstandard%20marker%5Cu201d%20gene%20trees%20reflect%20the%20true%20phylogeny%20of%20all%20groups%3B%20exploring%20additional%2C%20suitable%20markers%20is%20required.%20We%20do%20claim%2C%20however%2C%20that%20improved%20taxon%20sampling%20and%20improved%20data%20quality%20%28such%20as%20sequences%2C%20alignments%29%20were%20beneficial%20towards%20revealing%20relationships%20of%20higher%20euthyneuran%20taxa%2C%20and%20that%20phylogenetic%20hypotheses%20based%20on%20this%20data%20set%20are%20converging.%20The%20traditional%20taxon%20concept%20of%20Opisthobranchia%20is%20clearly%20artificial%20and%20thus%20obsolete.%20Novel%20phylogenetic%20hypotheses%2C%20as%20disturbing%20they%20may%20be%20at%20first%20glance%2C%20give%20us%20the%20opportunity%20and%20perhaps%20the%20obligation%20to%20refine%20our%20approaches%20and%20rethink%20older%20paradigms.%20Most%20importantly%2C%20we%20see%20no%20more%20way%20to%20explore%20morphology%2C%20systematics%20and%20evolution%20of%20%5Cu201copisthobranchs%5Cu201d%20separately%20from%20%5Cu201clower%20heterobranchs%5Cu201d%20and%20%5Cu201cpulmonates%5Cu201d.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%2C%2222WZ5MYR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A53%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22389CQH9W%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sommerfeldt%20and%20Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESommerfeldt%20N%2C%20Schr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%20M.%202005.%20Microanatomy%20of%20Hedylopsis%20ballantinei%2C%20a%20new%20interstitial%20acochlidian%20gastropod%20from%20the%20Red%20Sea%2C%20and%20its%20significance%20for%20phylogeny.%20Journal%20of%20Molluscan%20Studies%2C%2071%282%29%3A%20153-165.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Microanatomy%20of%20Hedylopsis%20ballantinei%2C%20a%20new%20interstitial%20acochlidian%20gastropod%20from%20the%20Red%20Sea%2C%20and%20its%20significance%20for%20phylogeny%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sommerfeldt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A52%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224GVVG47Q%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wawra%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221978%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWawra%20E.%201978.%20Zur%20Identit%26%23xE4%3Bt%20von%20Microhedyle%20glandulifera%20%28Kowalewski%2C%201901%29%20und%20Microhedyle%20lactea%20%28Hertling%2C%201930%29%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Opisthobranchia%2C%20Acochlidiacea%29.%20Annalen%20des%20Naturhistorischen%20Museums%20in%20Wien%2081%3A%20607-617.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zur%20Identit%5Cu00e4t%20von%20Microhedyle%20glandulifera%20%28Kowalewski%2C%201901%29%20und%20Microhedyle%20lactea%20%28Hertling%2C%201930%29%20%28Gastropoda%2C%20Opisthobranchia%2C%20Acochlidiacea%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wawra%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221978%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A45%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BMXDIWSD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wawra%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWawra%20E.%201989.%20Zur%20Kenntnis%20der%20interstitiellen%20Opisthobranchierart%20Hedylopsis%20spiculifera%20%28Kowalevsky%29%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%29.%20Zoologica%20Scripta%2C%2018%283%29%3A%20397%26%23x2013%3B403.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Zur%20Kenntnis%20der%20interstitiellen%20Opisthobranchierart%20Hedylopsis%20spiculifera%20%28Kowalevsky%29%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wawra%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221989%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222020-06-07T09%3A45%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Bouchet P, Rocroi JP. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia. 47(1–2):1–397.
Bouchet P, Rocroi JP, Hausdorf B, et al. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1–2):1–526.
Brenzinger B, Neusser TP, Jörger KM, et al. 2011. Integrating 3D microanatomy and molecules: natural history of the Pacific freshwater slug Strubellia Odhner, 1937 (Heterobranchia: Acochlidia), with description of a new species. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77(4): 351-374.
Cervera JL, Calado G, Gavaia C, et al. 2004. An annotated and updated checklist of the opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Spain and Portugal (including islands and archipelagos). Boletín Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 20 (1-4): 1-111. L.
Garcia FJ, Bertsch H. 2009. Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach. Scientia Marina. 73(1):153–160. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153.
Hadl G, Kothbauer H, Peter R, et al. 1970. Substratwahlversuche mit Microhedyle milaschewitchii Kowalevsky (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia: Acochlidiacea). Oecologia (Berl) 4(1): 74-82; 2 text figs. Oecologia. 4(1):74-. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00390614.
Jörger KM, Hess M, Neusser TP, et al. 2009. Sex in the beach: spermatophores, dermal insemination and 3D sperm ultrastructure of the aphallic mesopsammic Pontohedyle milaschewitchii (Acochlidia, Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda). Marine Biology. 156(6):1159–1170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-009-1158-5.
Jörger KM, Kristof A, Klussmann-Kolb A, et al. 2008. Keeping Nerves: Central Nervous System of the Interstitial Acochlidiid Parhedyle cryptophthalma (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Journal of Morphology. 269(12):1484–1484. Available from ://WOS:000261623800149.
Jörger KM, Stöger I, Kano Y, et al. 2010. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10(DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-323).
McDonald G. 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia. 2nd Online Edition, Annotated. 1072 pp  Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz. Available from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8115h0wz.
Neusser M TP; Jörger, KM; Schrödl. 2011. Cryptic species in tropic sands - Interactive 3D anatomy, molecular phylogeny and evolution of meiofaunal Pseudunelidae (Gastropoda, Acochlidia). PLoS ONE 6(8): e23313. [Nomenclaturally available from separate print-only edition].
Neusser TP, Schrödl M. 2009. Between Vanuatu tides: 3D anatomical reconstruction of a new brackish water acochlidian gastropod from Espiritu Santo. Zoosystema 31(3): 453-469.
Neusser TP, Martynov AV, Schrödl M. 2009. Heartless and primitive? 3D reconstruction of the polar acochlidian gastropod Asperspina murmanica. Acta Zoologica, 90(3): 228-245.
Neusser TP, Fukuda H, Jörger KM, et al. 2011. Sacoglossa or Acochlidia? 3D Reconstruction, molecular phylogeny and evolution of Aitengidae (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 77:332–350. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyr033.
Schrödl M, Neusser TP. 2010. Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158(1):124–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00544.x.
Schrödl M, Jörger KM, Neusser TP. 2008. Phylogeny and Evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia): From Morphology to Sequences. Journal of Morphology. 269(12):1464–1465. Available from ://WOS:000261623800048.
Schrödl M, Jörger K, Klussmann-Kolb A, et al. 2011. Bye Bye “Opisthobranchia”! a review on the contribution of mesopsammic sea slugs to euthyneuran systematics. Thalassas. 27(2):101–112.
Sommerfeldt N, Schrödl M. 2005. Microanatomy of Hedylopsis ballantinei, a new interstitial acochlidian gastropod from the Red Sea, and its significance for phylogeny. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 71(2): 153-165.
Wawra E. 1978. Zur Identität von Microhedyle glandulifera (Kowalewski, 1901) und Microhedyle lactea (Hertling, 1930) (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Acochlidiacea). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 81: 607-617.
Wawra E. 1989. Zur Kenntnis der interstitiellen Opisthobranchierart Hedylopsis spiculifera (Kowalevsky) (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Zoologica Scripta, 18(3): 397–403.
Bibliography based on the works by Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 and Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, with later updates from other resources.