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Umbraculum umbraculum

Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786)

Umbraculum umbraculum @ L'Escala per Enric Madrenas

Informació taxonòmica WoRMS

Nom acceptat actual: Umbraculum umbraculum ([Lightfoot], 1786)

Classificació actual

SuperdomainBiota
KingdomAnimalia
PhylumMollusca
ClassGastropoda
SubclassHeterobranchia
InfraclassEuthyneura
SubterclassTectipleura
OrderUmbraculida
SuperfamilyUmbraculoidea
FamilyUmbraculidae
GenusUmbraculum
SpeciesUmbraculum umbraculum ([Lightfoot], 1786)

Classificació proporcionada pel World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). [141879]

Sinònims

  • Parmophorus patelloide Cantraine, 1835
  • Patella ombracula Blainville, 1819
  • Patella sinica Gmelin, 1791
  • Patella umbraculum Lightfoot, 1786 (original)
  • Patella umbrellata Delle Chiaje, 1830
  • Umbraculum bermudense (Mörch, 1875)
  • Umbraculum botanicum Hedley, 1923
  • Umbraculum chinense Schumacher, 1817
  • Umbraculum indicum (Lamarck, 1819)
  • Umbraculum mediterraneum (Lamarck, 1819)
  • Umbraculum ovalis (Carpenter, 1856)
  • Umbraculum plicatulum (Martens, 1881)
  • Umbraculum pulchrum Lin, 1981
  • Umbraculum sinicum (Gmelin, 1791)
  • Umbrella indica Lamarck, 1819
  • Umbrella lamarckiana Récluz, 1843
  • Umbrella mediterranea Lamarck, 1819

Descripció
Aquesta espècie és de grans dimensions ja que els exemplars adults poden mesurar 20 cm de longitud. El cos és molt més gran que la petxina, especialment el peu, que sobresurt àmpliament en tota la seva circumferència. La conquilla és bastant plana i de tipus patel·liforme, amb l’àpex lleugerament sobresortint al centre; té un periostrac groguenc i freqüentment està recoberta d’algues i altres organismes epibionts. Sota la conquilla es pot veure el mantell que està molt poc desenvolupat i està vorejat amb petites papil·les còniques. El peu és de color ataronjat o marró i està molt desenvolupat; en la seva cara dorsal existeixen nombrosos i grans tubercles arrodonits de diferents mides i de tons més clars que el cos. Anteriorment el peu presenta una profunda escletxa vertical per l’extrem superior de la qual sobresurten un parell de rinòfors enrotllats. En l’esquerda anterior i sota dels rinòfors es pot observar el penis de l’animal, en forma d’una protuberància carnosa. El peu no presenta glàndula pèdia en la seva cara inferior. La brànquia s’estén per gran part de la zona dreta del cos, entre el mantell i la zona dorsal del peu; té unes 20-25 laminetes a banda i banda del raquis, el qual està unit al cos en tota la seva longitud excepte a l’extrem posterior, que està lliure. L’anus es troba darrere de la brànquia.

Un complet estudi anatòmic sobre aquesta espècie es pot veure en la tesi doctoral de Gaston Moquin-Tandon titulada “Recherches Anatòmiques sud l’ombrelle de la Mediterranée“, publicada el 1870.

Biologia
Aquesta espècie sol trobar-se en diferents hàbitats i tipus de fons, com en fons rocosos fotòfils, sota pedres, en coves, en les parets rocalloses del coral·ligen i també en fons sorrencs i fangosos, des de la zona intermareal fins a uns 80 m de profunditat. S’alimenta de diferents espècies d’esponges com Tethya citrina, Jaspis johnstoni, Alectona millari, Agelas sp., Aaptos aaptos  i Spiratrella cunctatrix (Cattaneo-Vietti, 1986). Segons Thompson (1970) la posta és una cinta molt plegada i fortament enrotllada, de color grisenc, rosat pàl·lid o taronja amb càpsules ovígeres d’unes 400 micres que contenen cadascuna d’elles fins a 45 ous. Aquests tenen unes 90 micres de diàmetre, podent haver-hi en una sola posta entre 100.000 i més de 4 milions d’ous. Els animals, a l’igual que les postes, quan es treuen d’aigua desprenen una olor semblant al de la floridura. Els animals d’aquesta espècie no tenen glàndules al peu secretores de substàncies àcides com tenen les altres espècies de Pleurobranchomorpha, però sí que disposen de glàndules a la pell que segreguen substàncies anomenades “umbraculamines”, que s’ha comprovat tenen activitat ictiotòxica i per tant possiblement tinguin missió antidepredant (Àvila, 1993).

Etimologia

  • Umbraculum. Del Llatí “umbraculum”, parasol, umbrel·la.

Distribució
Es tracta d’una espècie que té una àmplia repartició geogràfica ja que ha estat citada per diferents autors en gairebé totes les zones temperades i tropicals dels mars, com a les costes de Florida (EUA), Golf de Mèxic, Costa Rica, Cuba, costa del Carib de Colòmbia, Brasil, Cap Verd, el mar Mediterrani, Sud-àfrica, Tanzània, Madagascar, Moçambic, illa Maurici, Austràlia, Nova Zelanda i altres zones del Indopacífic. A les costes continentals europees s’ha esmentat tant en aigües atlàntiques com mediterrànies, també a Canàries, Madeira i Açores. A la Península Ibèrica ha estat citada des de les costes portugueses fins a Catalunya, també a les illes Balears (Cervera et al. 2004). A les costes catalanes hi ha registres de l’espècie a Llançà, Es Caials, Cadaqués, Sa Tuna, Illes Medes, Tossa de Mar, al calador de les garotes (Lloret de Mar), Blanes, Vilassar de Mar, port de Vallcarca, Sitges i Cubelles.

Cites georeferenciades conegudes de l'espècie: Umbraculum umbraculum
Fonts:
OBIS
GROC 2010-2011
Enric Madrenas
João Pedro Silva
Bernard Picton
GBIF
OPK
VIMAR
Manuel Ballesteros
M@re Nostrum
Altres fonts
Marine Regions

Abundància

Mediterrània occidental: ★★☆☆☆
Mediterrània oriental: ★★☆☆☆
Oceà Atlàntic: ★☆☆☆☆
Mes

Aquesta gràfica mostra la probabilitat d’observació mensual de Umbraculum umbraculum basada en els nostres propis registres.

Videos

 

Altres fotos

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Umbraculum umbraculum (copula) @ Mallorca by Lenka Juskaničová
Umbraculum umbraculum @ Ammouliani island, Halkidiki, Greece 1-04-2014 by Yiannis Iliopoulos
Umbraculum umbraculum @ Sicily, Italy by Lara Orselli
Umbraculum umbraculum @ Sicily, Italy by Lara Orselli
Umbraculum umbraculum @ Eivissa, Spain by Joan Pereyra
Umbraculum umbraculum @ France by Pascal Girard
Umbraculum umbraculum mating pair @ El Port de la Selva, Cap de Creus, Spain by Juan Carlos Díez

Bibliografia

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    Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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Ballesteros, M., Madrenas, E. & Pontes, M. (2025) "Umbraculum umbraculum" a OPK-Opistobranquis. Publicat: 14/05/2012. Accedit: 27/07/2026. Disponible a (https://opistobranquis.info/ca/?p=280)