Cargoa problematica

Cargoa problematica (Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli & Crocetta, 2019)

Cargoa problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) per Fabio Vitale

Nota taxonòmica: Goniodorididae és una família de petits nudibranquis dòrids distribuïts per tot el món que s’alimenten d’entoprocts, ascidis i briozous. Les relacions evolutives entre els seus tàxons han estat incertes a causa dels limitats tàxons disponibles per a anàlisis filogenètiques; alguns gèneres són parafilètics. La família inclou un nombre notable de gèneres sinonimitzats en els quals la riquesa d’espècies es distribueix de manera desigual, alguns gèneres tenen desenes d’espècies, mentre que d’altres són monoespecífics. Alguns clades són molt uniformes morfològicament mentre que altres es consideren molt variables. Paz Sedano et al (2024) van utilitzar un enfocament d’enriquiment objectiu d’elements ultraconservats per augmentar la resolució filogenètica de la columna vertebral sobre Goniodorididae i augmentar la representació d’espècies mitjançant la inclusió de quatre marcadors genètics de 109 espècies de les gairebé 160 espècies vàlides actualment. Com a resultat, es van dilucidar dues subfamílies i onze gèneres, i van ressuscitar els gèneres sinònims Bermudella, Cargoa i Ceratodoris. També van demostrar que el comportament tròfic podria haver impulsat l’evolució de les espècies i la singularitat morfològica de la família.
Les espècies de Cargoa comparteixen alguns trets: la presència de quatre papil·les primes i lineals ubicades davant dels rinòfors; una o dues papil·les lineals addicionals, seguides de papil·les claviformes, amb els extrems inflats, que es fan més grans cap a la part posterior; una papil·la dorsal amb la mateixa forma que les laterals; un color marró fosc; i ràdula petita amb al voltant de deu files de dents (no més de 20). Tot i que no hi ha proves clares de la preferència de les preses de l’espècie, aquests mol·luscs poden alimentar-se de briozous ctenostomes sobre els que s’han trobat, incloses espècies d’Amathia, Margaretta i Anguinella. Les espècies de Cargoa es troben a les dues costes de l’oceà Atlàntic i al mar Mediterrani.

Sinònims

• Okenia impexa banyulensis Schmekel, 1979 (no disponible sota ICZN Art. 15.1: nom proposat condicionalment el 1960)
• Okenia problematica Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli et Crocetta, 2019

Descripció
Cos allargat, de color blanc translúcid esquitxat de taques marrons bastant concentrades, amb taques blanc-groguenques disperses a l’atzar. Tot el cos està cobert per espícules bastant evidents i acaba en una cua blanca translúcida, llarga i punxeguda, coberta amb punts marrons i punts principalment blancs dispersos. La vora del notus està ben desenvolupada, amb 8 papil·les laterals distribuïdes simètricament a banda i banda del cos. La distribució de les papil·les és la següent: una situada davant dels rinòfors, una al costat dels rinòfors, quatre entre els rinòfors i les brànquies, i dues situades darrere de les brànquies i que sorgeixen de la mateixa base comuna. La forma i la mida de les papil·les és lleugerament variable; les dues papil·les situades a la part davantera són llargues i amb forma de dit, seguides d’una més curta i la resta augmenten de mida cap a la part posterior del cos. Totes les papil·les ubicades després dels rinòfors tenen una punta ampla i arrodonida, més evident en la papil·la situada darrere de les brànquies. Hi ha una única papil·la en la línia mig-dorsal similar en forma i grandària a les laterals, també amb la punta arrodonida. Els rinòfors són llargs i prims, del mateix patró de coloració que el cos, cadascun amb 6-9 lamel·les en la seva porció distal. Les brànquies es composen de quatre branques unipinnades que envolten l’anus, les dues situades a la part anterior sorgeixen d’una base comuna. Hi ha dos tentacles orals curts flanquejant la boca. El peu és llarg i prim, de color blanc translúcid, sense taques, i amb dos tentacles propodiales petits i allargats en la seva cara anterior. El porus genital es troba al costat dret del cos, generalment prop del rinòfor.

Biologia
Cargoa problemàtica sembla ser comú a profunditats inferiors als 10 m. Els espècimens recol·lectats a Gallipoli (Itàlia) van ser trobats en un escull artificial situat en un fons sorrenc, entre hidrozous no identificats i briozous incrustants. Templado (1982), Valdés i Ortea (1995), García-Gómez et al. (2011) i Ballesteros et al. (2016) citen la seva presència críptica principalment en fons rocosos infralitorals (~ 5-10 m) sobre el briozou Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786). No obstant això, Schmekel (1979), Schmekel i Portmann (1982), Valdés i Ortea (1995) i Ballesteros et al. (2016) també citen la seva presència entre 5-15 m de fondària entre algues infralitorals com Halimeda J.V Lamouroux, 1812, les de la família Corallinaceae Lamouroux, 1812 i Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje, 1829.

Etimologia

• Cargoa. En honor d’en David G. Cargo, un col·lega dels Drs. Vogel i Schultz del Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons Maryland, EE.UU.
• Problematica, per la seva complexa història taxonòmica.

Distribució

L’espècie ha estat descrita basant-se en exemplars recol·lectats a Gallipoli (Lecce, Itàlia), Aiguafreda (Begur, Girona) i Cala Jóncols (Roses, Girona). Els registres trobats a la bibliografia d’Cargoa cupella i Cargoa impexa de la mar Mediterrània també pertanyen a aquest tàxon.

Altres fotos

Bibliografia

1246567 Cargoa problematica 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 30894 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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