Dendrodoris temarana

• Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953: 87–88, text fig. 31, pl. 3, fig. 55.
• Dendrodoris limbata [non Cuvier (1804)]—Ballesteros (1978, 1984, 1985), García-Gómez (1984), Gómez-Álvarez (2017)
• Dendrodoris grandiflora [non Rapp (1827)]—Valdés et al. (2016), Cyrne et al. (2018)
• Dendrodoris herytra [non Valdés & Ortea in Valdés, Ortea, C. Ávila & Ballesteros (1996) in part] – Wirtz (1998), Cyrne et. al. (2018)

Nota taxonòmica
Recentment Galià et al (2022) han ressuscitat l’espècie Dendrodoris temarana descrita per Pruvot-Fol el 1953 i que fins ara era considerada espècie sinònima de D. grandiflora. Pruvot-Fol va descriure l’espècie sense haver vist els exemplars vius, dels quals només es coneixia una il·lustració a color d’Hélène Gantés d’exemplars recol·lectats a la localitat de Temara a la costa atlàntica del Marroc i que apareix a la descripció original. Des de llavors l’espècie ha estat sinonimitzada amb diferents espècies de Dendrodoris. Atès que les espècies d’aquest gènere no tenen ràdula al seu aparell digestiu i que algunes tenen una certa variabilitat cromàtica, tradicionalment hi ha hagut una certa confusió en la seva identificació. Les noves dades moleculars han contribuït a aclarir aquests dubtes. Al seu treball, Galià et al. (2022) indiquen les diferències morfològiques de D. temarana amb altres espècies del gènere de l’àrea atlanto-mediterrània i assenyalen unes distàncies genètiques del 8-10% amb D. grandiflora, del 15-17% amb D. herytra, del 12-15 % amb D. krebsii, del 16-19% amb D. limbata i del 13-15% amb D. senegalensis. A D. temarana troben unes distàncies genètiques del 0-3% entre diferents exemplars. Els mateixos autors indiquen mitjançant una làmina a color les variacions de coloració dels exemplars segons la mida.

Descripció
Els exemplars vius poden mesurar fins a 70 mm de longitud. El cos és allargat quan l’animal s’està movent i la part posterior del peu sobresurt lleugerament darrere del mantell. Mantell tou sense espícules, molt ample en relació al peu, llis i amb el marge ondulat, lleugerament estriat i una mica més clar que la resta del cos. Els exemplars juvenils són de color vermell pàl·lid uniforme, canviant a l’edat adulta a un patró cromàtic variable: vermell, rosat, groguenc, taronja, marró fosc o gairebé negre. El color de fons pot ser uniforme (generalment en exemplars negres o marrons) o amb taques ataronjades, vermelloses o brunes. Els rinòfors són del mateix color que el cos, amb la base ampla i una beina poc elevada, llisa i amb 15–20 laminetes obliqües a la part superior; la punta del rinòfor és blanca. Brànquia amb vuit fulles branquials tripinnades, les dues més posteriors amb una base comuna. Casos rars de sis (joves de 5 a 10 mm) o 10 (espècimens més grans) fulles branquials. Les fulles branquials són del mateix color que el mantell, de vegades d’un tó una mica més fosc, amb el raquis més clar i els àpexs de color blanc. La papil·la anal és una mica globosa i prominent, amb la vora superior lobulada. Ventralment, el marge del mantell, els flancs del cos i el peu tenen el mateix color que el dors, sense taques.

Biologia
Aquesta espècie es troba sota pedres des de la zona intermareal fins a diversos metres de profunditat. A Cubelles (Catalunya) l’espècie és molt comuna i està documentada (com a D. limbata) des de fa quaranta anys en aigües molt poc fondes (0-1 m de profunditat) sota pedres. A l’esmentada localitat es poden trobar grups de 3 a 5 espècimens reunits sota la mateixa pedra i en censos visuals realitzats a la dècada dels 80 del segle passat es van poder registrar fins a 40 espècimens per hora de mostreig (M. Ballesteros, observació personal) . A la costa de Cadis, D. temarana és el nudibranqui més abundant, apareixent amb D. grandiflora, molt menys abundant, sota pedres exposades per la marea baixa (observacions personals de C. Galià, J. L. Cervera i M. Ballesteros). La posta és dipositada sota pedres en forma d’una cinta de color ivori de 8 mm d’amplada, enrotllada en espiral amb diverses voltes, que pot assolir els 5 cm de diàmetre total. En general, hi ha 60-70 ous a l’ample de la cinta, disposada en dues capes superposades. Els ous tenen un diàmetre d’uns 80 μm i estan tancats en càpsules d’aproximadament 140 μm de diàmetre. Les postes d’ous s’han observat del maig al novembre (J. L. Cervera i M. Ballesteros, observacions personals).

Distribució
Dendrodoris temarana es distribueix des de la Mediterrània Occidental fins el sud de Portugal, Marroc, Canàries i Cap Verd. A la costa catalana i de Cadis (Andalusia, SO d’Espanya) és molt abundant. Aquesta espècie ha estat citada a El Portil (SW Espanya) (García-Gómez, 1984), al Golf de Cadis (Gómez-Álvarez, 2017) i Cubelles (Ballesteros, 1978, 1984, 1985) com a D. limbata. Els registres de Portugal (Cyrne et al., 2018), les illes Açores (Wirtz, 1995, 1998) i les illes Canàries (Valdés et al., 1996) es van identificar erròniament com a D. herytra. Aquesta espècie també es va identificar erròniament com a D. grandiflora a Portugal (Cyrne et al., 2018), les illes Canàries (Valdés et al., 1996), Marroc (Valdés et al., 1996) i Mauritània (Valdés et al., 1996). Fotografies o registres de vídeo corresponents a Dendrodoris temarana de la llacuna de Thau (SE de França), del Delta de l’Ebre (NE d’Espanya), les Illes Balears (E Espanya) i La Línea de la Concepción (S d’Espanya) estan disponibles a diversos llocs d’Internet.

Cites georeferenciades conegudes de l'espècie: Dendrodoris temarana

Fonts:
OBIS GROC 2010-2011 Enric Madrenas João Pedro Silva Bernard Picton GBIF	OPK VIMAR Manuel Ballesteros M@re Nostrum Altres fonts Marine Regions

Espècies semblants
Dendrodoris limbata té el marge del dors estret, de color taronja i la part ventral del cos amb taques. Dendrodoris grandiflora té el marge del cos molt ample i amb un estriat més fosc que el color del cos.

Videos

Altres fotos

Dendrodoris temarana (detalle branquia) by Manuel Ballesteros

Dendrodoris temarana (detalle branquia) by Manuel Ballesteros

Dendrodoris temarana by Manuel Ballesteros

Dendrodoris temarana @ Portugal by João Pedro Silva

Dendrodoris temarana by Enric Madrenas

Dendrodoris temarana by José Carlos García Gómez

Dendrodoris temarana by Manuel Ballesteros

Dendrodoris temarana

Dendrodoris temarana @ Etang de Thau by Pascal Girard

Dendrodoris temarana @ Madeira by Peter Wirtz

Dendrodoris temarana @ Etang de Thau, France by Pascal Girard

Variación cromática de Dendrodoris temarana. Foto de Carles Galià

Dendrodoris temarana (vista inferior) @ Cubelles, Barcelona, Spain (marzo 2015) by Manuel Ballesteros

Dendrodoris temarana @ Cubelles, Barcelona, Spain (noviembre 2015) by Manuel Ballesteros

Dendrodoris temarana @ La Caleta, Cádiz, Spain by Manuel Ballesteros

Dendrodoris temarana @ Fòrum, Barcelona, Spain (cópula) por Guillermo Álvarez

Dendrodoris temarana @ Fòrum, Barcelona, Spain por Miquel Pontes

Dendrodoris temarana @ France by Pascal Girard

Dendrodoris temarana @ France by Pascal Girard

Dendrodoris temarana @ France by Pascal Girard

Dendrodoris temarana gills detail @ France by Pascal Girard

Bibliografia

1246567 Dendrodoris temarana 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 30028 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Pontes, M., Madrenas, E., García-Tort, A., Espada, O., Ballesteros, M. (2025). Sea Slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from the Medes Islands (Costa Brava, NE Spain): Biodiversity and Ecological Study over a Decade. Diversity, 17(9), 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/d17090606
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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