Els eolidacis es diferencien dels altres nudibranquis pel seu cos estilitzat i per la presència de grups de papil·les, denominades cerata, en el dors i als costats del cos. La coloració dels eolidacis sol ser molt vistosa, principalment la de les papil·les dorsals. El cap té, en la part frontal, uns tentacles orals llargs i fins, mentre que en el dors té els rinòfors, que poden ser llisos o disposar de laminetes o berrugues.
Nemesignis banyulensis per Enric Madrenas
La glàndula digestiva està molt ramificada i les seves ramificacions, en forma de conducte buit, penetren a l’interior de cada cerata. En moltes espècies l’extrem de la glàndula digestiva de cada cerata es dilata formant un petit sac esfèric anomenat cnidosac que comunica amb l’exterior a través d’un porus, el cnidoporus, situat a la punta del cerata. Tenen respiració cutània ja que no tenen brànquies definides i utilitzen també els cerata per a l’intercanvi de gasos. La ràdula és estreta, i pot tenir només una filera de dents (ràdula monoseriada) o tenir 3 dents en cada filera (ràdula triseriada); generalment hi ha un parell de mandíbules còrnies en la part anterior del bulb bucal. Els orificis anal i genital estan situats a la dreta del cos. El peu pot diferenciar, en la seva zona anterior, un parell de palps propodials, curts i de forma triangular. Les preses dels eolidacis són principalment cnidaris: pòlips de hidrozous, meduses i anemones. Aquesta especialització alimentària proporciona a aquests nudibranquis un mecanisme de defensa de gran interès biològic, ja que són capaços d’utilitzar per a la seva pròpia defensa les càpsules urticants o cnidocists procedents de les seves preses. Per causes que es desconeixen encara, aquests cnidocists ni es descarreguen ni són digerits pels sucs digestius del nudibranqui i, a més, a través de les ramificacions de la glàndula digestiva arriben als cnidosacs de la punta dels cerata, on es guarden. Aquests cnidocists poden ser expulsats a l’exterior en contacte amb el possible depredador, on es descarreguen i efectuen la seva acció defensiva. Algunes espècies s’han especialitzat a alimentar-se d’ous de peixos, de crustacis cirrípedes o fins i tot d’altres espècies de nudibranquis. Els eolidacis solen trobar-se sobre colònies d’hidrozous, freqüentment la mateixa espècie que depreden, i on solen dipositar les seves postes que solen ser en forma de cordó enrotllat de variades maneres. En altres ocasions se’ls pot localitzar en la cara inferior de les pedres, prop d’anemones, fins i tot a molt poca profunditat o ben passejant en parets rocoses amb abundància d’algues i invertebrats.
Els aeolidacis es classificaven dins el Parvordre Aeolidida que contenia tres Superfamílies: Aeolidioidea, Fionoidea i Flabellinoidea. Bouchet et al.(2017) proposen no fer servir aquesta classificació en Parvordres, de manera que les esmentades Superfamílies passarien a ser germanes d’altres Superfamílies dels Cladobranchia, com Arminoidea o Dendronotoidea, que anteriorment estaven contingudes en els seus propis Parvordres.
Classificació
La taxonomia dels aeolidacis proposada per Bouchet et al. (2017) i acceptada per WoRMS és:
- Superfamília Aeolidioidea Gray, 1827
- Família Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827
- Gènere Aeolidia Cuvier, 1798
- Gènere Aeolidiella Bergh, 1867
- Gènere Anteaeolidiella M. C. Miller, 2001
- Gènere Baeolidia Bergh, 1888
- Gènere Berghia Trinchese, 1877
- Gènere Bulbaeolidia Carmona, Pola, Gosliner & Cervera, 2013
- Gènere Cerberilla Bergh, 1873
- Gènere Limenandra Haefelfinger & Stamm, 1958
- Gènere Spurilla Bergh, 1864
- Gènere Zeusia Korshunova, Zimina & Martynov, 2017
- Família Babakinidae Roller, 1973
- Gènere Babakina Roller, 1973
- Família Facelinidae Bergh, 1889
- Gènere Adfacelina Millen & Hermosillo, 2012
- Gènere Algarvia Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1990
- Gènere Amanda Macnae, 1954
- Gènere Anetarca Gosliner, 1991
- Gènere Antonietta Schmekel, 1966
- Gènere Austraeolis Burn, 1962
- Gènere Bajaeolis Gosliner & Behrens, 1986
- Gènere Burnaia M. C. Miller, 2001
- Gènere Caloria Trinchese, 1888
- Gènere Cratena Bergh, 1864
- Gènere Echinopsole Macnae, 1954
- Gènere Emarcusia Roller, 1972
- Gènere Facelina Alder & Hancock, 1855
- Gènere Facelinopsis Pruvot-Fol, 1954
- Gènere Dicata Schmekel, 1967
- Gènere Favorinus Gray, 1850
- Gènere Hermosita Gosliner & Behrens, 1986
- Gènere Herviella Baba, 1949
- Gènere Jason M. C. Miller, 1974
- Gènere Learchis Bergh, 1896
- Gènere Moridilla Bergh, 1888
- Gènere Noumeaella Risbec, 1937
- Gènere Palisa Edmunds, 1964
- Gènere Pauleo Millen & Hamann, 1992
- Gènere Phidiana Gray, 1850
- Gènere Pruvotfolia J. Tardy, 1970
- Gènere Pteraeolidia Bergh, 1875
- Gènere Sakuraeolis Baba, 1965
- Gènere Setoeolis Baba & Hamatani, 1965
- Família Myrrhinidae Bergh, 1905
- Gènere Godiva Macnae, 1954
- Gènere Hermissenda Bergh, 1879
- Gènere Nanuca Er. Marcus, 1957
- Gènere Nemesignis Furfaro & Mariottini, 2021
- Gènere Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg, 1831
- Família Flabellinopsidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, Saito, Lundin, Schrödl & Picton, 2017
- Gènere Baenopsis Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, Saito, Lundin, Schrödl & Picton, 2017
- Gènere Flabellinopsis MacFarland, 1966
- Família Glaucidae Gray, 1827
- Gènere Glaucus Forster, 1777
- Família Notaeolidiidae Eliot, 1910
- Gènere Notaeolidia Eliot, 1905
- Família Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970
- Gènere Piseinotecus Er. Marcus, 1955
- Família Pleurolidiidae Burn, 1966
- Gènere Pleurolidia Burn, 1966
- Gènere Protaeolidiella Baba, 1955
Espècies d’aeolidacis citades a la Mediterrània o al voltant de la Península Ibèrica:
Bibliografia
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Bouchet P, Rocroi JP, Hausdorf B, et al. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1–2):1–526.
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.
