Tylodina perversa (Gmelin, 1791)
Informació taxonòmica WoRMS
Nom acceptat actual: Tylodina perversa (Gmelin, 1791)
Classificació actual
| Superdomain | Biota |
|---|---|
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Mollusca |
| Class | Gastropoda |
| Subclass | Heterobranchia |
| Infraclass | Euthyneura |
| Subterclass | Tectipleura |
| Order | Umbraculida |
| Superfamily | Umbraculoidea |
| Family | Tylodinidae |
| Genus | Tylodina |
| Species | Tylodina perversa (Gmelin, 1791) |
- Patella perversa Gmelin, 1791
- Tylodina atlantica Gray J.E., 1856
- Tylodina citrina Joannis, 1853
- Tylodina punctata Rafinesque, 1814
- Tylodina punctulata Rafinesque, 1814
- Tylodina punctulata Gray J.E., 1856
- Tylodina rafinesquii Philippi, 1836
- Tylodinella trinchesii Mazzarelli, 1897
Descripció
Els exemplars d’aquesta espècie no solen sobrepassar els 40 mm d’allargada tot i que s’han citat alguns animals “gegants” que mesuraven fins a 75 mm de longitud. La coloració de l’animal (cap, mantell, flancs del cos, peu, rinòfors) és groc safrà intens i uniforme. El cos és alt, el mantell està poc desenvolupat i es troba cobert per la conquilla, que és cònica amb l’àpex lleugerament dirigit endarrere, de tipus pateliforme com la de les pagellides, i cobreix dorsalment quasi tot l’animal quan aquest esta en repòs; quan l’animal esta en moviment sobresurt pel davant el cap y el peu pel darrera. En general la conquilla, que està poc calcificada, sol estar recoberta d’una coberta orgànica (periotraco) escamosa; en la superfície de la conquilla s’aprecien estries radials de color terrós que no arriben a l’àpex i estries concèntriques de creixement. El cap presenta un parell de rinòfors llargs, auriculats i amb un engruiximent basal posterior; els ulls s’observen just davant dels rinòfors. El cap es prolonga cap el davant en una espècie de vel cefàlic del que surten dos curts tentacles orals de forma triangular. La brànquia, situada en el flanc dret de l’animal i protegida per la conquilla, està constituïda per unes 10 fulles branquials bipinnades també de color groc. L’orifici anal es troba darrera de la base d’inserció de la brànquia al cos i l’orifici genital es pot observar just darrera del tentacle oral dret. El peu és molt ampli, de color groc i presenta estries radials per tot el seu marge.
Biologia
Aquest curiós opistobranqui es troba sempre associat al seu aliment, la esponja Aplysina aerophoba, de la qual i a més obté el pigment corporal, anomenat uradina, per la qual cosa en ocasions no és fàcil la seva localització sobre ella. Donat que l’esponja es troba en ambients fotòfils, entre 0 i 10-15 m de fondària, en aquest interval batimètric és on es localitza l’opistobranqui. Els animals, a l’hora d’alimentar-se de les capes superficials de l’esponja excaven una cavitat en ella, podent quasi enterrar-se en el seu interior. S’ha citat que aquesta espècie també s’alimenta de les abundants cianobacteris presents en els teixits de l’esponja. En estudis experimentals en el laboratori s’ha comprovat que poden alimentar-se de Aplysina cavernícola, esponja que viu en coves i ambients esciòfils i que no es torna fosca en contacte amb l’aire. T. perversa obté de l’esponja diversos alcaloides que tenen activitat antidepredant i que l’opistobranqui pot expulsar a l’exterior juntament amb mucositat quan se’l molestat. A l’igual que l’esponja i quan els animals son exposats a l’aire, el color groc del seu cos es torna de color terrós molt fosc, quasi negre. Les postes de T. perversa son així mateix de color groc i contenen alcaloides defensius.
Etimologia
- Tylodina, derivat del grec [tulos] = protuberància, nús, tot el que sobresurt.
- Perversa, del llatí [perversus] = tornejada en sentit invers, sesgada, defectuosa, mal tornejada, amb la qual cosa probablement es refereix a com ha evolucionat la protoconquilla (Bill Rudman) o al seu excel·lente camuflatge sobre l’esponja.
Distribució
T. perversa és una espècie eminentment mediterrània que s’ha citat no obstant a algunes localitats de l’Atlàntic europeu com les Illes Britàniques, Canàries, Illa de Sta. Elena, Madeira, Açores i també a Cap Verd. En el Mediterrani viu en totes les costes, tant orientals com occidentals i a la Península Ibérica se la coneix en tot litoral, tant Atlàntic com Mediterrani. També citada en les Illes Balears. A les costes catalanes se la pot observar on es trobi la seva esponja aliment.
Cites georeferenciades conegudes de l'espècie: Tylodina perversa
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Espècies semblants
Tylodina rafinesquii té una conquilla elevada amb un periostrac que no té ratlles radials marrons, mentre que T. perversa té una conquilla deprimida amb un periostrac ben desenvolupat marcat per bandes radials marrons. Aquestes espècies també inclouen diferències en la ràdula. Tylodina duebenii és similar, però de menor grandària i amb el cos de color violeta marronós fosc, viu en aigües profundes al Mar Mediterrani i Atlàntic Oriental (Waren & di Paco, 1996).
Abundància
| Mediterrània occidental: | ★★★☆☆ |
| Mediterrània oriental: | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Oceà Atlàntic: | ★★☆☆☆ |
Mes
Aquesta gràfica mostra la probabilitat d’observació mensual de Tylodina perversa basada en els nostres propis registres.
Videos
Altres fotos
Tylodina perversa @ Cap Ras, Cap de Creus, Spain 7/11/1998 by Miquel Pontes
Tylodina perversa by Enric Madrenas
Tylodina perversa by Enric Madrenas
Tylodina perversa by Enric Madrenas
Tylodina perversa by Enric Madrenas
Tylodina perversa by Enric Madrenas
Tylodina perversa @ Islas Canarias by Aketza Herrero
Tylodina perversa by Enric Madrenas
Tylodina perversa in Aplysina aerophoba by Miquel Pontes
Egg spawn of Tylodina perversa by Miquel Pontes
Tylodina perversa by Miquel Pontes
Tylodina perversa by Miquel Pontes
Tylodina perversa on Aplysina aerophoba by Miquel Pontes
Tylodina perversa showing gills by Miquel Pontes
Tylodina perversa on Aplysina aerophoba by Miquel Pontes
Tylodina perversa @ L’Escala, Spain by Eli Franco Valero
Tylodina perversa @ France by Pascal Girard
Tylodina perversa gills detail @ France by Pascal Girard
Bibliografia
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Tylodina perversa
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eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad
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creator
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https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.
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Ballesteros, M., Madrenas, E. & Pontes, M. (2025) "Tylodina perversa" a OPK-Opistobranquis. Publicat: 19/04/2012. Accedit: 27/07/2026. Disponible a (https://opistobranquis.info/ca/?p=70)
