Goniobranchus obsoletus

Goniobranchus obsoletus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)

Goniobranchus obsoletus @ Gordon beach, Tel Aviv , Israel per Tal Shema

Nota taxonòmica: Goniobranchus obsoletus va ser descrit originalment per Eduard Rüppell i Friedrich S. Leuckart com a Doris obsoleta, a partir de material procedent del mar Roig. La data de publicació ha aparegut com a 1830 o 1831 en la literatura posterior, però el World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) accepta actualment l’autoria i la data com a Goniobranchus obsoletus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830). La combinació original va ser Doris obsoleta; posteriorment l’espècie va ser inclosa en Casella i, durant bona part de la literatura del segle XX, en Chromodoris. El gènere Goniobranchus va ser establert per William Harper Pease el 1866. Durant molt de temps, el gènere va quedar subordinat a Chromodoris, però els estudis filogenètics moleculars de Johnson & Gosliner (2012) van demostrar que Chromodoris no era monofilètic i van reinstaurar Goniobranchus com a gènere vàlid per a un dels clades dels antics Chromodoris.

Sinònims

• Casella obsoleta (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)
• Chromodoris obsoleta (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)
• Doris obsoleta Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830 (original)

Descripció
És un doridaci de cos ovalat i relativament allargat, amb el notum d’aspecte rugós a causa de la presència de tubercles o pústules baixes i elevades. El patró cromàtic és molt característic: el dors és blanc lletós, recorregut per una reticulació de color bru ataronjat que es disposa entre les elevacions del notum. El marge del mantell presenta una banda taronja, immediatament acompanyada cap a l’interior per una banda irregular de color blau fosc o blau negrós. En conjunt, aquestes bandes marginals constitueixen un dels caràcters externs més útils per reconèixer l’espècie. Els rinòfors són translúcids, de tonalitat bruna a ataronjada, i les seves lamel·les estan vorejades de blanc opac. Les brànquies presenten una coloració igualment translúcida, bruna o bruna ataronjada, amb les vores de les fulles branquials blanques. El color del notum pot transparentar-se parcialment per la cara ventral del mantell, mentre que el peu és blanc. La mida pot assolir aproximadament els 40 mm de longitud, tot i que també s’han documentat exemplars considerablement més petits; per exemple, Rudman va examinar un exemplar viu de 17 mm procedent de Suakin, al mar Roig, i hi ha registres d’individus de 10–20 mm al golf Pèrsic.

Biologia
És una espècie associada a fons rocosos i substrats durs, incloent-hi esculls, estructures de corall mort i estructures artificials, generalment en aigües somes. Al golf Pèrsic ha estat observada des d’aigües molt superficials -de 2 a 5 m a Bahrain- fins a uns 16 m al golf d’Oman, mentre que un exemplar del mar Roig va ser registrat a 17 m. Al Mediterrani també ha estat observada en ambients rocosos soms i en una cova submarina. S’alimenta d’esponges, tot i que la identitat d’aquestes esponges no ha estat demostrada amb seguretat: Rudman va suggerir Chelonaplysilla violacea com a possible aliment a partir d’observacions fotogràfiques, encara que va considerar explícitament que calia confirmar-ho. La informació sobre la seva reproducció és escassa. A Ayia Napa (Xipre) es va trobar una posta d’ous en forma de cinta, de color groguenc, adherida a una roca pròxima als exemplars observats, una evidència directa de reproducció de l’espècie al Mediterrani. Rudman va publicar el 2007 una observació de dos exemplars en còpula a l’Aràbia Saudita. Pel que fa a la possibilitat de desenvolupament directe de les postes, Rudman va assenyalar que el treball de Gohar & Soliman (1967), que descrivia el desenvolupament directe de Casella obsoleta, probablement corresponia en realitat a una espècie de Glossodoris i no a Goniobranchus obsoletus.

Etimologia

• Goniobranchus, nom que deriva del Grec “gonios”, angle i “brangchia”, brànquies.
• Obsoletus. Del Llatí “obsoletus”, trillat, desgastat, dilapidat.

Distribució
La distribució coneguda original de Goniobranchus obsoletus és relativament restringida. Va ser descrita del mar Roig i posteriorment es va documentar en diferents localitats del nord de l’oceà Índic, incloent-hi el golf Pèrsic i el golf d’Oman. Rudman la va considerar una espècie aparentment restringida al sector nord-occidental de l’oceà Índic, i va assenyalar que els registres publicats eren relativament escassos. No hi ha bases suficients per atribuir-li una distribució molt més àmplia per l’Indopacífic. En els darrers anys ha estat citada al Mediterrani oriental, on s’ha establert com a espècie no indígena com a conseqüència de la seva arribada des del mar Roig a través del canal de Suez. El primer registre mediterrani publicat correspon a la costa mediterrània d’Israel el 2015. Halevy et al. van documentar diversos exemplars fotografiats davant de Tel Aviv: un exemplar va ser fotografiat el maig de 2015 i diversos més el juny del mateix any. També es va registrar un exemplar davant de Caesarea, a uns 6 m de profunditat, el maig de 2015. A Xipre, Kleitou et al. (2019) van observar diversos exemplars en una cova submarina davant d’Ayia Napa, on també es va trobar una posta. A Turquia, Gökoğlu & Büyük van comunicar el 2020 el primer registre per al país, corresponent a un exemplar observat el 24 de juny de 2019, durant una immersió, en una cova submergida d’Antalya Falez, a 5 m de profunditat (36.849133° N, 30.778211° E), sobre la paret de la cavitat. L’espècie també està documentada actualment a la costa mediterrània de Síria, a Latakia, on es va observar un exemplar el 2016 a uns 2 m de profunditat sobre substrat rocós; a Jableh, on es va registrar el setembre de 2019 un exemplar a 1–2 m en una petita cubeta sobre costa rocosa; i a Al-Massab, Tartus, on es va documentar un altre exemplar l’abril de 2021 en una petita marina. Aquests registres mostren una certa expansió pel sector llevantí de la Mediterrània.

Altres fotos

Bibliografia

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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

Més informació

• Facebook - Tal Shema Photographs
• Flickr pictures
• Gordon T. Smith Nudibranchs
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• Medslugs (Ind.NW)
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Sea Slug Forum
• The Slug Site
• WoRMS

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