Elysia evelinae

Elysia evelinae Er. Marcus, 1957

Descripció
El cos és curt (fins a 8 mm de longitud) i ample, amb un cap arrodonit i un peu estret. La coloració varia d’un to crema pàl·lid a gris marronós, amb nombroses taques vermelles i blanques opaques que cobreixen el cap i, en alguns casos, s’estenen pel cos. Els parapodis són curts, gruixuts i lleugerament ondulats, amb marges densament pigmentats. El pericardi és gran i arrodonit i, a diferència d’algunes espècies afins, no està cobert pels parapodis. Els rinòfors són curts, amples i de color crema pàl·lid. La part posterior del cap presenta una pigmentació distintiva de color marró fosc o negre. Els ulls són conspicus, negres, i cadascun està travessat per una línia longitudinal fosca que s’estén des de la base dels rinòfors fins al marge anterior dels parapodis. El peu és estret (0,4–0,5 mm d’amplada) i presenta glàndules pedials ben desenvolupades al llarg de tota la seva superfície. L’anus es troba al costat dret del cos, a la base del cap. Una característica distintiva d’aquesta espècie és una marca circular negra que envolta la papil·la anal. Els angles del peu són lleugerament prominents. S’observa un solc transversal a la zona ventral, a l’altura de l’inici dels parapodis. La cua és curta i cònica.

Biologia
Elysia evelinae habita en entorns costaners poc profunds. S’ha trobat entre algues a la zona supralitoral i està comunament associada amb algues del gènere Dictyota. Gràcies a la intensa pigmentació dels marges parapodials, l’animal està ben camuflat en el seu entorn. Aquesta espècie s’alimenta succionant diatomees bentòniques formadores de cadenes del gènere Biddulphia. També consumeix diatomees epifítiques presents en algues com Bryopsis i Caulerpa, especialment en zones ombrívoles. La seva estratègia d’alimentació consisteix en l’extrusió del bulb faríngi per ingerir cèl·lules de diatomees, que després perfora i buida a un ritme de 5–10 cèl·lules per minut. Cap altra espècie coneguda d’Elysia presenta aquesta estratègia d’alimentació. Com tots els sacoglossos, Elysia evelinae és un hermafrodita simultani. La còpula es produeix mitjançant la inserció del penis a l’obertura femenina. El seu desenvolupament larvari és lecitotròfic, amb larves vèligers que eclosionen després d’aproximadament 12 dies a 20 °C. Algunes larves experimenten la metamorfosi mentre encara són a la càpsula, mentre que d’altres eclosionen com a vèligers nedadores abans de fixar-se al substrat.

Etimologia

• Elysia. És un nom femení d’origen llatí, derivat d’Elysium, terme mitològic que fa referència a la llar dels benaurats, coneguda com els “Camps Elisis”. El nom Elysia també significa “jurament de Déu” en hebreu. Frieder Sauer esmenta que Elysia significa “celestial”.
• Evelinae. Els autors clàssics, inclosos els Marcus, no solien explicar l’origen dels epítets específics que proposaven. No obstant això, en aquest cas, és molt probable que es tracti d’un homenatge a Eveline du Bois-Reymond Marcus (1901–1990), zoòloga especialitzada en llimacs marins i esposa de l’autor. Eveline va col·laborar amb Ernst Marcus en l’estudi de diversos grups d’invertebrats, incloent-hi protozous, ctenòfors, platihelmints, nemertins, anèl·lids, tardígrads, onicòfors, briozous, gasteròpodes i picnogònids. En els seus primers treballs conjunts, no va ser mencionada com a autora per tal d’assegurar el lloc acadèmic d’Ernst com a professor titular i perquè mai no va acceptar un treball remunerat. Després de la mort del seu marit el 1968, Eveline Marcus va continuar les seves investigacions, publicant uns 30 articles, la majoria sobre llimacs marins.

Distribució
Descrita originalment al Brasil (Er. Marcus 1957; Garcia et al. 2008), Elysia evelinae també ha estat registrada a Costa Rica (Espinosa i Ortea 2001) i Florida, EUA (Ev. Marcus i Er. Marcus 1960, 1967; Jensen i Clark 1983; Clark 1994). Martín-Hervás et al. (2023) la van reportar a Cap Ferret, França (Atlàntic nord-oriental) i Roses, Espanya (Mar Mediterrani), mentre que Pascal Girard la va trobar prop de Marsella, França, també al Mediterrani. Això suggereix que l’espècie té una distribució amfiatlàntica, mentre que l’espècie morfològicament similar Elysia viridis es troba restringida a l’Atlàntic nord-oriental i el Mediterrani. [mapa]

Altres fotos

Elysia evelinae @ Marseille, France by Pascal Girard

Bibliografia

1246567 Elysia evelinae 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 46285 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Jensen, K. R. (2007). Biogeography of the Sacoglossa (Mollusca, Opisthobranchia). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge, 55(3-4), 255-281.
Jiménez, L. M., Simões, N., Yáñez-Arenas, C. (2021). Where is the genus Elysia in the western Atlantic? Potential distribution, species richness and representation in marine protected areas. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 87, eyab003. https://doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyab003
Krug, P. J., Vendetti, J. E., Valdés, Á. (2016). Molecular and morphological systematics of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa) from the Caribbean region. Zootaxa 4148 (1). https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4148.1.1
Marcus, Er. (1957). On opisthobranchia from Brazil 2. Journal of the Linnean Society of London (Zoology) 43(292): 390-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1957.tb01559.x
Martín-Hervás, M. R., Carmona, L., Jensen, K. R., Krug, P. J., Vitale, F., Cervera, J. L. (2024). A global phylogeny of Elysia Risso, 1818 (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia): molecular systematic insights focusing on European taxa and description of a new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 200(3), 670-689. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad086
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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