Cladobranchia és un dels dos grans llinatges evolutius de Nudibranchia, juntament amb Doridina. Comprèn un grup extraordinàriament divers de llimacs marins, caracteritzat per una gran varietat de formes corporals i d’estructures dorsals i laterals especialitzades.
Candiella striata per Pontes, Miquel
Cladobranchia presenta una notable diversitat morfològica. Moltes espècies posseeixen apèndixs dorsals especialitzats relacionats amb la respiració, la defensa, l’alimentació o les funcions sensorials. Els aeòlids es caracteritzen típicament per nombrosos cerata distribuïts per la superfície dorsal. Aquestes estructures contenen prolongacions de la glàndula digestiva i, en moltes espècies, incorporen cnidosacs, estructures especialitzades relacionades amb la defensa. Altres cladobranquis presenten processos dorsals ramificats o dendrítics, estructures orals eixamplades, beines rinofòriques o altres apèndixs especialitzats.
El nom Cladobranchia va ser introduït per Willan i Morton (1984) per a un grup de nudibranquis que incloïa els principals llinatges tradicionalment reconeguts com a aeòlids, arminacis i dendronotacis. Posteriorment, el concepte del grup va ser revisat mitjançant estudis anatòmics comparatius i filogenètics. L’arribada de les dades moleculars va permetre revisar les relacions entre diversos llinatges i va posar de manifest que algunes agrupacions tradicionals basades en la morfologia no corresponien necessàriament a grups evolutius naturals.
La filogenètica molecular ha comportat nombrosos canvis en la classificació superior de Cladobranchia. Diverses famílies i superfamílies han estat creades, redefinides o reorganitzades a mesura que s’han incorporat noves dades. Les relacions entre alguns dels principals llinatges del grup continuen sent objecte d’estudi, i la classificació ha anat evolucionant amb l’acumulació de noves evidències.
La classificació proposada per Korshunova et al. (2025) va introduir una important reorganització de la classificació superior dels nudibranquis i va adoptar un concepte restringit de Nudibranchia. Posteriorment, Moles et al. (2026) van reconsiderar aquesta proposta en el context de la seva anàlisi de l’estabilitat taxonòmica dels heterobranquis marins. En el tractament adoptat aquí, es manté el concepte ampli de Nudibranchia i Cladobranchia es considera un dels seus dos grans llinatges principals.
Cladobranchia comprèn una gran diversitat de grups, entre els quals es troben nombrosos llinatges d’aeòlids i altres formes tradicionalment agrupades entre els arminacis i dendronotacis. La classificació superior ha experimentat diverses modificacions i, per aquest motiu, la delimitació i l’assignació d’alguns grups poden variar segons la font taxonòmica utilitzada.
Els aeòlids són especialment coneguts pels seus cerata, que poden exercir funcions respiratòries, digestives i defensives. Algunes espècies són capaces de retenir nematocists funcionals obtinguts de les seves preses cnidàries i incorporar-los als cnidosacs situats als extrems dels cerata. Altres cladobranquis presenten mecanismes defensius diferents, entre els quals hi ha defenses químiques, coloracions críptiques i estructures corporals especialitzades.
Cladobranchia ocupa una àmplia varietat d’ambients marins, des d’aigües costaneres poc profundes i zones intermareals fins a ambients més profunds de la plataforma i el talús continental. Moltes espècies mantenen relacions tròfiques especialitzades amb determinats organismes, entre els quals hi ha hidrozoos, octocoralls i altres cnidaris, esponges i briozous. Aquestes especialitzacions alimentàries poden estar associades amb adaptacions morfològiques, comportamentals i químiques.
La diversitat de Cladobranchia es manifesta tant en la seva morfologia com en les seves estratègies ecològiques. La gran varietat d’estructures corporals, formes d’alimentació i mecanismes defensius que presenta el grup reflecteix una història evolutiva complexa. Els estudis anatòmics, del desenvolupament, moleculars i ecològics continuen aportant informació per comprendre millor les relacions entre els seus diferents llinatges i la seva diversificació.
La classificació que es presenta a continuació reflecteix el marc taxonòmic actual utilitzat al World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), tenint en compte el concepte més ampli de Nudibranchia avalat per Moles et al. (2026):
Grups principals de Cladobranchia:
Bibliografia
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Cladobranchia
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https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.
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