Oxynoe viridis

Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1861)

Oxynoe viridis per Murat Draman – www.thedivingguidekas.com
Fotografiada al setembre 2009 a Kaş, Antalya (Turquia), a 25m sobre Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii

• Lophocercus viridis Pease, 1861
• Oxynoe delicatula G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869

Nota taxonòmica
Aquesta espècie va ser descrita originalment per Pease l’any 1861 amb el nom de Lophocercus viridis, a partir d’exemplars vius recollits en aigües somes entre algues a Huaheine, una de les illes de l’arxipèlag de Tahití, a la Polinèsia Francesa. Posteriorment, l’espècie va ser traslladada al gènere Oxynoe, i un segon nom, Oxynoe delicatula (Nevill & Nevill, 1869), es va sinonimitzar amb aquest.

Descripció
Cos de forma ovalada i allargada, amb una regió dorsal elevada i lòbuls parapodials que romanen separats al llarg de la línia mitjana. El cos és habitualment de color verd, amb tonalitats que van del groguenc al verd oliva, i mostra una considerable variació intraespecífica. Els exemplars poden presentar diferents patrons de pigmentació, incloent grans ocels blaus dispersos envoltats de groc o negre, petites taques marrons o verdes, o bonys blancs a la superfície. En alguns individus, els marges dels parapodis mostren bandes gruixudes de color blanc o groc, sovint interrompudes, que poden estar cobertes per una reticulació blava o porpra. Una línia reticulada groga també pot estendre’s des dels rinòfors fins al marge anterior de la conquilla o acabar a la base dels rinòfors. Aquests són llisos, del mateix color que el cap o amb taques o estries de color blau a porpra. El cap és llis i presenta rinòfors truncats i solcats. En algunes formes, els lòbuls orals poden estar marcats amb taques blaves o porpres. Els parapodis són molt variables: en alguns individus són llisos, mentre que en d’altres presenten bonys baixos dispersos o nombroses papil·les allargades, especialment al llarg dels marges parapodials, donant-los un aspecte pelut. Les papil·les solen ser de color groc pàl·lid o blanc. La cua és estreta, amb una longitud més del doble de la conquilla, i s’estreny gradualment fins a una punta arrodonida. Manté el color i el patró dels parapodis i pot presentar una franja dorsal mitjana i bandes laterals formades per línies grogues puntejades amb punts blaus. Com en altres Oxynoidae, Oxynoe viridis té una conquilla fràgil i translúcida, en gran part oculta sota els parapodis excepte al marge anterior. La conquilla és prima, blanca, finament estriada en diagonal, lleugerament convoluta i amb el costat esquerre inflat. El teixit del mantell intern, visible a través de la conquilla, és de color marró daurat i sovint presenta grans taques blanques i ocels ocasionals envoltats de groc o blau. L’obertura és àmplia i oberta, amb el llavi exterior posterior truncat i el llavi interior lleugerament callós.

Biologia
Es troba típicament en ambients marins somers (0–10 m de profunditat), vivint entre praderies denses d’algues del gènere Caulerpa, on s’alimenta i la seva coloració li proporciona un excel·lent camuflatge. Observacions de camp i de laboratori confirmen que s’alimenta de diverses espècies, incloent C. racemosa, C. scalpelliformis, C. serrulata, C. cupressoides i altres tàxons relacionats. El comportament alimentari implica l’ús coordinat de dos apèndixs orals en forma de lòbul per subjectar els filaments algals, que després són perforats per la ràdula per extreure’n el contingut citoplasmàtic, sense regurgitació. Un cop buit, el filament és alliberat. El comportament reproductor inclou còpula recíproca, tal com va descriure Jensen (1999). L’espècie diposita cintes d’ous aplanades i en espiral de color groc, formades per 2–3 voltes, que es col·loquen sobre la superfície de l’alga hoste. El desenvolupament larvari és planctotròfic, amb un embrió per càpsula i sense vitel extracapsular. En condicions de laboratori, les larves van eclosionar entre els 4 i 7 dies a 22 °C, amb una longitud de conquilla d’entre aproximadament 112–119 µm. Aquestes característiques de desenvolupament suggereixen una alta capacitat de dispersió, que es correlaciona amb l’àmplia distribució biogeogràfica de l’espècie, afavorida també per la seva tolerància ecològica a un ampli rang de temperatures, aproximadament entre 12,8 °C i 29,2 °C. Aquesta espècie presenta diverses adaptacions antipredadores efectives. Quan se sent amenaçada, segrega un mucus blanc, opac i enganxós, probablement amb funció dissuasiva de naturalesa química. A més, en situacions extremes, alguns individus poden autotomitzar la seva cua muscular, que continua movent-se després de desprendre’s. Aquest mecanisme actua com a distracció per als depredadors, i posteriorment la cua és regenerada.

Etimologia

• Viridis. Del Llatí “viridis”, verd.

Distribució
La seva zona de distribució nativa comprèn regions tropicals i subtropicals de l’Indo-Pacífic occidental. Les localitats confirmades inclouen Sud-àfrica, Sri Lanka, la Polinèsia Francesa (incloent-hi Mo’orea i la localitat tipus de Huaheine), el Japó (Okinawa), Guam, les Filipines, l’est d’Austràlia (Nova Gal·les del Sud i Queensland) i Nova Zelanda. Més recentment s’ha citat també al mar Roig i al Mediterrani oriental, especialment a la costa de Turquia (zona de Kaş), però també a l’illa de Dugi Otok (Božava, Croàcia). Aquestes darreres aparicions al Mediterrani es consideren introduccions no autòctones, molt probablement a través de la migració lessepsiana pel canal de Suez.

Cites georeferenciades conegudes de l'espècie: Oxynoe viridis

Fonts:
OBIS GROC 2010-2011 Enric Madrenas João Pedro Silva Bernard Picton GBIF	OPK VIMAR Manuel Ballesteros M@re Nostrum Altres fonts Marine Regions

Altres fotos

Oxynoe viridis by Murat Draman – www.thedivingguidekas.com @ 20090900 Kas, Antalya, Turquia, 25m on Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii

Oxynoe viridis by Murat Draman – www.thedivingguidekas.com @ 20090900 Kas, Antalya, Turquia, 25m on Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii

Oxynoe viridis by Sonja Ooms

Oxynoe viridis @ Bali by Arya Widhi

Oxynoe viridis @ Bali by Arya Widhi

Bibliografia

1246567 Oxynoe viridis 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 14576 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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